金属增材制造技术在钢结构与组合结构中的研究进展

Research progress in metal additive manufacturing technology in steel structures and composite structures

摘要

金属增材制造技术因具有自动化程度高、节省人力成本以及可实现复杂几何实体制造等优点，近年来在结构工程领域得到了广泛关注和研究。文章总结了金属增材制造技术在钢结构与组合结构领域的研究进展，介绍了金属增材制造技术的打印设备与常用材料，凝练出目前可用于打印钢结构与组合结构的金属增材制造技术；梳理了金属增材制造技术打印钢材的力学性能、在钢结构与组合结构构件以及整体结构制造中的应用情况等方面的主要研究进展，通过分析可知制造工艺会对打印钢材的力学性能产生影响，增材制造技术生产的钢材其弹性模量与强度满足钢结构与组合结构的建造要求，在钢结构与组合结构复杂连接制造以及构件的轻质化研究中具有广阔的应用前景，同时指出目前由于金属增材制造工艺的影响，会导致打印出的构件产生较大的残余应力以及较为粗糙的表面，热处理与机械加工等方法有助于改善构件的缺陷；对金属增材制造在钢结构与组合结构的优化设计、结构的加固修复以及与机器学习和数字孪生的融合等方面的趋势进行了展望，以期为金属增材制造技术在结构工程领域的后续发展与研究提供参考。

Abstract

Metal additive manufacturing technology has been widely studied in the field of structural engineering in recent years due to its advantages of a high degree of automation, labor cost savings, and the ability to manufacture complex geometric entities. This paper summarizes the research progress in metal additive manufacturing technology in the field of steel and composite structures in recent years. The paper introduces the printing equipment and commonly used materials of metal additive manufacturing technology, and condenses the techniques that can be utilized to print steel and composite structures. It then reviews the mechanical properties of the printed components and structures, as well as the main research progress in metal additive manufacturing technology in the production of steel and composite structure components and overall structures. Analysis indicates that manufacturing processes significantly affect the mechanical behavior of manufactured steel. The elastic modulus and strength of additively manufactured steel meet the requirements for construction applications. Metal additive manufacturing technology has broad application prospects in the complex connection production of steel structure and composite structure engineering, and lightweight research of components. The paper also notes that current metal additive manufacturing technology can introduce substantial residual stresses and relatively rough surface finishes, which may be alleviated through heat treatment and machining. Finally, the paper discusses future directions, including integration with structural optimization, repair, and reinforcement methods, as well as convergence with machine learning and digital twin technologies. This paper perspective aims to provide guidance for further development of and research on metal additive manufacturing for structural engineering.

关键词

3D打印 / 金属增材制造 / 钢结构 / 组合结构 / 力学性能 / 机器学习

Key words

3D printing / metal additive manufacturing / steel structure / composite structure / mechanical property / machine learning

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基金资助

国家自然科学基金资助项目(52411540027)

国家自然科学基金资助项目(52278165)