面向后行桨叶动态失速控制的展向吹气方法研究

Research on the radial blowing method for dynamic stall control of backward propeller blades

摘要

吹气控制是抑制直升机旋翼后行桨叶动态失速的有效技术途径之一，量化其关键参数的控制效果是实现该技术从机理研究向工程应用转化的关键环节。基于可压缩Navier-Stokes方程，围绕某型直升机旋翼系统为算例展开，采用桨叶上表面展向单列吹气方法，对旋翼后行桨叶动态失速问题进行数值模拟研究。通过二维流场分析，以平衡升力与升阻比为优化目标，确定吹气孔的弦向位置、宽度及吹气动量系数的较优参数组合。结果表明，当吹气速度超过来流速度、吹气孔位于气流分离点附近及其后方一定弦向范围内且宽度适中时，可显著提升旋翼系统的气动性能。进一步以升力最大化为目标，基于三维流场分析优化吹气孔展向数量与分布形式，发现在桨叶展向0.55R～0.75R区间布置单列均匀分布吹气孔的控制方案效果最佳，在本研究算例中最高可实现升力提升33.7%。

Abstract

Blowing control is an effective technique to suppress dynamic stall on helicopter rotor retreating blades. Quantifying the control effects of key parameters is a critical step in translating this technology from mechanistic research to engineering application. This study numerically investigates its application using the compressible Navier-Stokes equation. A spanwise blowing slot on the blade's upper surface is adopted. Two-dimensional analysis first optimizes blowing location，width，and momentum to balance lift and lift-to-drag ratio. Results show that blowing velocities exceeding the freestream，with the slot properly located near or within a certain chordwise range aft the separation point，significantly improve aerodynamic performance. Further three-dimensional analysis maximizes lift by optimizing the spanwise distribution of blowing holes. A single uniform row within 0.55R～0.75R is identified as optimal，achieving up to a 33.7% lift increase in the present case.

关键词

旋翼 / 吹气控制 / 动态失速 / 后行桨叶 / 气动性能

Key words

rotor / blowing control / dynamic stall / retreating blade / aerodynamic performance

参考文献

[1] LEISHMAN J G. Principles of helicopter aerodynamics[M]. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press， 2006.

[2] 孟宣市, 鞠恩博, 俞熠. 动态失速及其实验方法与测量技术研究进展[J]. 空气动力学学报, 2025， 43（7）: 1-27.

[3] MENG Xuanshi， JU Enbo， YU Yi. Research progress on dynamic stall and its experimental methods and measurement techniques[J]. Acta aerodynamica Sinica, 2025， 43（7）: 1-27（in Chinese）.

[4] 杨鹤森, 赵光银, 梁华, 等. 翼型动态失速影响因素及流动控制研究进展[J]. 航空学报, 2020， 41（8）: 119-144.

[5] YANG Hesen， ZHAO Guangyin， LIANG Hua， et al. Research progress on influence factors of airfoil dynamic stall and flow control[J]. Chinese journal of aeronautics, 2020， 41（8）: 119-144（in Chinese）.

[6] BAGAI A. Aerodynamic design of the X2 technology demonstrator main rotor blade[C]// Proceedings of the 64th Annual Forum of the American Helicopter Society. Montreal，Canada: American Helicopter Society， 2008: 29-44.

[7] ASHTON N， BILLARD F， MOULINEC C， et al. The numerical simulation of the flow over a EC145 helicopter fuselage using HPC facilities[C]// Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Parallel Computational Fluid Dynamics. Barcelona，Spain， 2011.

[8] 喻伯平, 李高华, 谢亮, 等. 基于代理模型的旋翼翼型动态失速优化设计[J]. 浙江大学学报（工学版）, 2020， 54（4）: 833-842.

[9] YU Boping， LI Gaohua， XIE Ling， et al. Dynamic stall optimization design of rotor airfoil based on surrogate model[J]. Journal of Zhejiang University（engineering science）, 2020， 54（4）: 833-842（in Chinese）.

[10] 厉聪聪, 史勇杰, 徐国华, 等. 基于动态前缘下垂的提升旋翼前飞性能的研究[J]. 西北工业大学学报, 2021， 39（3）: 668-674.

[11] LI Congcong， SHI Yongjie， XU Guohua， et al. Research on the forward flight performance of rotor based on variable-droop leading edge[J]. Journal of Northwestern Polytechnical University, 2021， 39（3）: 668-674（in Chinese）.

[12] LIND A H， JONES A R. Unsteady aerodynamics of reverse flow dynamic stall on an oscillating blade section[J]. Physics of fluids, 2016， 28（7）: 077102.

[13] 井思梦, 赵国庆, 招启军. 翼型动态失速气动力二次峰值数值模拟研究[J]. 南京航空航天大学学报, 2022， 54（2）: 191-202.

[14] JING Simeng， ZHAO Guoqing， ZHAO Qijun. Numerical research on secondary peak of aerodynamic forces of airfoil under dynamic stall[J]. Journal of Nanjing University of Aeronautics & Astronautics, 2022， 54（2）: 191-202（in Chinese）.

[15] HEINE B， MULLENERS K，JOUBERTG， et al. Dynamic stall control by passive disturbance generators[J]. AIAA journal, 2013， 51（9）: 2086-2097.

[16] KAUFMANN K， GARDNER A D， RICHTER K. Numerical investigations of a back-flow flap for dynamic stall control[C]// Contributions to the 18th STAB/DGLR Symposium. Cham: Springer International Publishing， 2014: 255-262.

[17] 张馨艺, 孙晓晶. 带局部运动表面翼型的动态失速特性研究[J]. 动力工程学报, 2022， 42（9）: 821-828.

[18] ZHANG Xinyi， SUN Xiaojing. Study on dynamic stall characteristics of the airfoil with locally moving surface[J]. Journal of Chinese Society of Power Engineering, 2022， 42（9）: 821-828（in Chinese）.

[19] 李国强, 赵鑫海, 易仕和, 等. 旋翼动态失速与反流流动控制研究进展[J]. 实验流体力学, 2023， 37（4）: 29-47.

[20] LI Guoqiang， ZHAO Xinhai， YI Shihe， et al. Research progress on rotor reverse flow and dynamic stall flow control methods[J]. Journal of experiments in fluid mechanics, 2023， 37（4）: 29-47（in Chinese）.

[21] 贾天昊, 高超, 徐泽阳, 等. 组合式吹吸气控制翼型动态失速数值模拟研究[J]. 航空工程进展, 2023， 14（4）: 39-46.

[22] JIA Tianhao， GAO Chao， XU Zeyang， et al. Numerical simulation study on dynamic stall of airfoil controlled by combined blow-suction[J]. Advances in aeronautical science and engineering, 2023， 14（4）: 39-46（in Chinese）.

[23] MÜLLER-VAHL H F， NAYERI C N， PASCHEREIT C O， et al. Dynamic stall control via adaptive blowing[J]. Renewable energy, 2016， 97: 47-64.

[24] FENG J J， ZHU G J， LIN Y， et al. Control of dynamic stall of an airfoil by using synthetic jet technology[J]. Arabian journal for science and engineering, 2020， 45（11）: 9835-9841.

[25] 赵国庆, 招启军, 顾蕴松, 等. 合成射流对失速状态下翼型大分离流动控制的试验研究[J]. 力学学报, 2015， 47（2）: 351-355.

[26] ZHAO Guoqing， ZHAO Qijun， GU Yunsong， et al. Experimental investigation of synthetic jet control on large flow separation of airfoil during stall[J]. Chinese journal of theoretical and applied mechanics, 2015， 47（2）: 351-355（in Chinese）.

[27] GIBBINGS D. Fairey Rotodyne[M]. Stroud，Gloucestershire: The History Press， 2009.

[28] GARDNER A D， RICHTER K， MAI H， et al. Experimental investigation of air jets for the control of compressible dynamic stall[J]. Journal of the American Helicopter Society, 2013， 58（4）: 1-14.

[29] GARDNER A D， RICHTER K， MAI H， et al. Experimental investigation of high-pressure pulsed blowing for dynamic stall control[J]. CEAS aeronautical journal, 2014， 5（2）: 185-198.

[30] MÜLLER-VAHL H F， STRANGFELD C， NAYERIC N， et al. Control of thick airfoil，deep dynamic stall using steady blowing[J]. AIAA journal, 2015， 53（2）: 277-295.

[31] WEAVER D， MCALISTER K W， TSO J. Suppression of dynamic stall by steady and pulsed upper-surface blowing[C]// 16th AIAA Applied Aerodynamics Conference. Reston，VA，USA: AIAA， 1998: AIAA 1998-2413.

[32] SINGH C， PEAKE D J， KOKKALIS A， et al. Control of rotorcraft retreating blade stall using air-jet vortex generators[J]. Journal of aircraft, 2006， 43（4）: 1169-1176.

[33] 招启军, 徐国华, 王博. 直升机空气动力学[M]. 北京: 科学出版社， 2024.

[34] 薛杨柳, 赵燮霖, 孙文杰. 基于SDES方法的翼型动态失速数值模拟研究[J]. 应用力学学报, 2024， 41（5）: 999-1006.

[35] XUE Yangliu， ZHAO Xielin， SUN Weijie. Numerical simulation of airfoil dynamic stall based on SDES method[J]. Chinese journal of applied mechanics, 2024， 41（5）: 999-1006（in Chinese）.

[36] 赵国庆. 直升机旋翼非定常动态失速的CFD模拟及其主动流动控制研究[D]. 南京: 南京航空航天大学， 2015.

[37] ZHI H L， ZHU Z H， LU Y J， et al. Aerodynamic performance enhancement of co-flow jet airfoil with simple high-lift device[J]. Chinese journal of aeronautics, 2021， 34（9）: 143-155.

[38] 张唯, 叶舟, 李春, 等. 抛物线翼缝对风力机翼型气动性能影响[J]. 应用力学学报, 2024， 41（6）: 1282-1287.

[39] ZHANG Wei， YE Zhou， LI Chun， et al. Influence of parabolic slot on aerodynamic performance of wind turbine airfoil[J]. Chinese journal of applied mechanics, 2024， 41（6）: 1282-1287（in Chinese）.

[40] ZHA G C， PAXTON C. A novel airfoil circulation augment flow control method using co-flow jet[C]// 2nd AIAA Flow Control Conference. Reston，VA，USA: AIAA， 2004: AIAA 2004-2208.

[41] SMITH J A， JOHNSON L K. Large-eddy simulations of the NACA23012 airfoil with laser-scanned ice shapes[J]. Journal of aircraft, 2023， 60（2）: 450-465.

[42] 阮远, 张恒, 罗奔, 等. 翼身混合布局水陆两栖飞机机翼气动力设计[J]. 航空工程进展, 2025， 16（5）: 69-78.

[43] RUAN Yuan， ZHANG Heng， LUO Ben， et al. Wing aerodynamic design of amphibious aircraft with hybrid-wing-body configuration[J]. Advances in aeronautical science and engineering, 2025， 16（5）: 69-78（in Chinese）.

[44] 李国强, 宋奎辉, 覃晨, 等. 基于后缘小翼的翼型动态失速主动控制试验[J]. 航空学报, 2024， 45（3）: 105-120.

[45] LI Guoqiang， SONG Kuihui， QIN Chen， et al. Test on active control of airfoil dynamic stall based on trailing edge flap[J]. Chinese journal of aeronautics, 2024， 45（3）: 105-120（in Chinese）.

基金资助

山西省科技重大专项计划资助项目(202301120401010)