高水平乒乓球运动员并步步法的下肢关节力学载荷分析

Analysis of mechanical loadings in the lower extremity during chasse step footwork of elite table tennis athletes

摘要

目的 乒乓球比赛规则的革新以及打法线路的快速发展对运动员全面技术提出了更高的要求，逐渐增大的运动强度以及不恰当的技术动作可能会增大损伤风险，且影响运动表现。本研究旨在分析不同性别高水平乒乓球运动员并步步法的下肢关节生物力学载荷特征，为乒乓球运动员损伤防治提供理论参考。方法 实验采集了18名男性和18名女性国家一级乒乓球运动员并步步法的反光点轨迹、地面反作用力和表面肌电等生物力学数据。运用OpenSim肌骨建模仿真计算乒乓球运动员下肢关节接触力并完成模型验证。结果 仿真计算的肌肉激活度与表面肌电信号幅值对比验证了OpenSim计算获得的肌肉激活及肌肉力等相关数据。男性髋关节在挥拍阶段前后方向和内外方向的关节接触力较大，而女性膝关节上下方向的关节接触力较大。结论 男性高水平乒乓球运动员在并步步法中表现出更快髋关节力量输出，有助于提高挥拍击球速度；而女性运动员应提高膝关节稳定性和力量训练，避免膝关节过度负载，预防相关损伤风险。此外，本研究基于实验数据驱动OpenSim建模仿真，分析验证了在计算乒乓球基本步法生物力学载荷参数等方面应用的可靠性，未来可应用于各类乒乓球技术动作的肌骨建模仿真研究。

Abstract

Objective The innovation of table tennis competition rules and the rapid development of techniques put higher demands on athletes' skills. Increasing intensity and incorrect technique may lead to a rising probability of sports injuries. This study aims to analyze the biomechanical characteristics in lower limb joints of elite table tennis athletes between sex differences during chasse-step providing a theoretical reference for the injury prevention and treatment of table tennis athletes. Method The biomechanical data collected marker trajectory，ground reaction force，and EMG signals of 18 male and 18 female National Class-I table tennis athletes. The OpenSim musculoskeletal modeling platform was employed to calculate the lower limb joint contact force of table tennis athletes and completed the model verification. Results Muscle activation and muscle force estimated by OpenSim were verified by comparing the simulated muscle activation with the surface EMG signals. Hip joint contact force in males was larger in the ant-post direction and med-lat direction，while females' knee joint was larger in the sup-inf direction. Conclusion Elite male table tennis athletes exhibited faster strength in the hip joint during chasse-step，which may improve the swing speed of racket，while female athletes needed to train the knee stability and relevant muscles to avoid excessive knee loadings，thus preventing potential injuries. In addition，this study verified the experimental data driven OpenSim simulation and validated the reliability of the application in calculating biomechanical loadings during typical footwork in table tennis，which can be used in future research on the musculoskeletal modeling of different table tennis movements.

关键词

生物力学 / 乒乓球 / 技术步法 / 损伤机制

Key words

biomechanics / table tennis / technical footwork / injury mechanism

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基金资助

国家自然科学基金资助项目(12202216)

宁波市自然科学基金资助项目(2023J128)

宁波大学“力学+”交叉学科拔尖创新青年基金资助项目(GC2024006)