篮球运动员不同落地方式的生物力学特征对踝关节损伤的影响

Effects of biomechanical characteristics of different landing modes on ankle joint injuries in basketball players

摘要

目的 探讨篮球运动员不同落地方式的生物力学特征对踝关节损伤的影响。方法 招募42名男子篮球二级运动员为实验对象，落地方式分为跑动急停双腿起跳前足落地（简称“前足落地”）和跑动急停双腿起跳后足落地（简称“后足落地”），以运动捕捉系统和三维测力台采集、分析受试者两种落地模式触地瞬间（instant of cantact，IC）三关节（髋、膝、踝）角度、在缓冲阶段中的关节峰值角度及在缓冲阶段中的地面反作用力（ground reaction force，GRF）峰值。结果 与后足落地模式相比，前足落地模式IC屈髋、髋内收、屈膝、膝内翻、踝背屈、踝内旋角度更大（P＜0.05）；前足落地模式在缓冲阶段中踝跖屈、屈髋、踝内翻峰值角度更大，后足落地模式踝背屈、髋外展、伸膝、踝内旋峰值角度更大（P＜0.05）；与后足落地模式相比，前足落地模式向前峰值GRF更大，向外峰值GRF更小（P＜0.05）。结论 篮球运动员不同落地方式在IC关节角度、缓冲阶段关节峰值角度、缓冲阶段GRF峰值方面存在差异，且前足落地模式更易发生踝关节损伤，因此，篮球运动员在日常训练中可适当加强后足落地模式的训练，强化下肢相关肌群力量训练，重视落地时缓冲技巧训练，以进一步预防踝关节损伤。

Abstract

Objective To explore the effects of biomechanical characteristics of different landing modes on ankle joint injuries in basketball players. Methods A total of 42 second-class male basketball athletes were recruited as experimental subjects. According to their landing mode，they were divided into two types:running and sudden stop with both legs taking off and landing on the forefoot （referred to as forefoot landing） and running and sudden stop with both legs taking off and landing on the hindfoot （referred to as hindfoot landing）. The motion capture system and three-dimensional force platform were used to collect and analyze the angles of the three joints （hip，knee，and ankle） at the instant of contact （IC） during the two landing modes of the subjects，as well as the peak joint angles during the cushioning phase and the peak ground reaction force （GRF） during the cushioning phase. Results Compared with the hindfoot landing mode，the forefoot landing mode exhibited greater angles of hip flexion，hip adduction，knee flexion，knee varus，ankle dorsiflexion，and ankle inversion at the IC （P＜0.05）. In the cushioning phase，the forefoot landing mode exhibited greater peak angles in ankle plantarflexion，hip flexion，and ankle inversion，while the hindfoot landing mode demonstrated greater peak angles in ankle dorsiflexion，hip abduction，knee extension，and ankle inversion （P＜0.05）. Compared with the hindfoot landing mode，the forefoot landing mode had a larger peak GRF in the anterior direction and a smaller peak GRF in the lateral direction （P＜0.05）. Conclusion Different landing modes of basketball players are different in IC joint angle，joint peak angle in buffer stage and GRF peak in buffer stage，and ankle joint injuries are more likely to occur in forefoot landing mode. Therefore，basketball players can appropriately strengthen the training of hindfoot landing mode in daily training，strengthen the strength training of lower limb related muscles，and pay attention to the training of buffer skills when landing，so as to further prevent ankle joint injuries.

关键词

篮球运动员 / 落地方式 / 生物力学 / 踝关节损伤 / 前足落地 / 后足落地

Key words

basketball player / landing mode / biomechanics / ankle joint injury / forefoot landing / hindfoot landing

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基金资助

山西省科技厅资助项目(030401109)