沙尘环境下垂直轴风力机叶片磨蚀特性的数值研究

Numerical investigation on the wear dynamics of vertical wind turbine blades in sand and dust environment

摘要

为了解决风力机叶片在运行过程中因沙尘持续冲击产生磨蚀问题，采用计算流体力学（computational fluid dynamics，CFD）和离散元（discrete element method，DEM）耦合数值模拟的方法来研究风沙颗粒与风力机叶片之间相互作用引起的磨蚀。与传统纯CFD数值模拟方法相比，利用CFD-DEM耦合方法可以准确考虑颗粒与颗粒/风力机叶片之间的相互作用，还可以考虑实际风沙颗粒的真实几何形状。另外，利用大涡模型生成入口脉动风速，可充分考虑实际风沙天气中风速的脉动特征。基于文献中已发表的实验数据，对湍流模型和磨蚀模型计算得到的结果进行了数值验证，进而探讨了入口脉动风湍流强度、颗粒质量浓度、颗粒球形度等参数对叶片磨蚀的影响规律。研究结果表明，随着入口脉动速度、湍流强度的增加，平均磨损深度逐渐增加。此外，风沙颗粒质量浓度的增加导致叶片最大和平均磨损深度同时增加。随着颗粒球形度的增加，平均和最大磨损深度都会减小。值得注意的是，当颗粒球形度超过0.7时，随着球形度进一步增加，平均磨损深度呈现出较小变化，通过计算得到磨蚀率并拟合磨蚀率与颗粒球形度的关系曲线，拟合曲线中磨蚀率与颗粒球形度成近似-1.32的指数关系。通过对不同参数影响下的磨蚀数据进行分析，可以得出风沙颗粒的质量浓度对风力机叶片的磨蚀影响最为重要。仿真结果可为风力机叶片实际过程中的磨蚀预测和预防提供一定的指导依据。

Abstract

In order to solve the problem of wear of wind turbine blades caused by the continuous impact of sand and dust during operation，a coupled numerical simulation method of computational fluid dynamics（CFD）and discrete element method（DEM）was used to study the interaction between sand particles and wind turbine blades based on the literature. Compared with traditional pure CFD-based numerical simulation methods，the CFD-DEM method used in this study can accurately consider the interaction between particles and particle/wind turbine blades，and can also consider the true geometry of actual sand grains. In addition，this study uses a large eddy model to generate inlet pulsating wind，which can fully consider the pulsating characteristics of wind speed in actual wind and sand weather. Based on existing experimental data in the literature，this study numerically verified the results calculated by the turbulence model and abrasion model，and then discussed the influence of parameters such as inlet pulsating wind turbulence intensity，particle mass concentration，and particle sphericity on blade abrasion. Numerical simulations are used to analyze the influence of parameters such as inlet turbulent wind intensity，particle mass concentration，and particle sphericity on blade wear. The research results indicate that with an increase in the turbulent intensity of the inlet pulsating wind，the average wear depth gradually increases. Furthermore，an increase in the concentration of wind-blown sand particles leads to simultaneous increases in both maximum and average wear depths of the blades. As the sphericity of particles increases，both average and maximum wear depths decrease. It is noteworthy that when the sphericity of particles exceeds 0.7，further increases in sphericity result in minimal changes in the average wear depth. The erosion rate is calculated and fitted，with the exponent of sphericity in the fitted equation approximating -1.32. By analyzing the wear data under the influence of different parameters，it can be concluded that the mass concentration of sand particles has the most significant impact on the abrasion of wind turbine blades. The simulation results can provide certain guidance for the prediction and prevention of wear of wind turbine blades in the actual process.

关键词

风力发电 / 磨蚀 / 阵风 / 脉动风速 / 离散元

Key words

wind power / wear / gust / turbulent wind speed / DEM

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基金资助

国家自然科学基金资助项目(1806099)