不同负荷深蹲对非专业大学生男子篮球运动员下肢爆发力、膝关节等速肌力及血清生化参数的影响

Effects of different load squatting on lower limb explosive power, knee joint isokinetic muscle strength and serum biochemical parameters in non-professional male college basketball players

摘要

目的 揭示不同负荷深蹲对非专业大学生男子篮球运动员下肢爆发力、膝关节等速肌力及血清生化参数的影响。方法 选取36名非专业大学生男子篮球运动员作为研究对象，随机分为70%1次重复最大负荷（1 repetition maximum，1RM）、80%1RM和90%1RM组（n=12），分别采用70%1RM、80%1RM和90%1RM恒定负荷进行颈后深蹲力量训练。每周训练2次，共8周。分别于训练前后检测下肢爆发力指标、膝关节等速肌力、血清生化参数。结果 80%1RM组的原地纵跳摸高成绩显著高于70%1RM组和90%1RM组（P＜0.05，具有统计学意义）；80%1RM组的立定跳远成绩显著高于90%1RM组（P＜0.05）。90%1RM组的膝伸60°/s力矩峰值显著高于70%1RM组和80%1RM组（P＜0.05）；80%1RM组的膝屈180°/s力矩峰值显著高于70%1RM组和90%1RM组（P＜0.05）。80%1RM组的乳酸（lactic acid，LA）清除率和睾酮（testosterone，T）水平显著高于70%1RM组和90%1RM组（P＜0.05）；90%1RM组的肌酸激酶（creatine kinase，CK）和皮质醇（cortisol，Cor）显著高于70%1RM组和80%1RM组（P＜0.05）。结论 8周不同负荷深蹲训练对非专业大学生男子篮球运动员的影响存在负荷特异性，80%1RM组在下肢爆发力、快速收缩能力、代谢与合成激素调节上综合效果最优，90%1RM组更利于提升膝伸肌最大力量但伴随更强的肌肉损伤与应激反应，70%1RM组效果较弱。

Abstract

Objective To reveal the effects of different load squatting on lower limb explosive power, knee joint isokinetic muscle strength and serum biochemical parameters in non-professional male college basketball players. Methods Thirty-six non-professional male college basketball players were selected as subjects and randomly divided into 70% 1 repetition maximum (1RM) group, 80%1RM group, and 90%1RM group, with 12 ones in each. They performed back squat strength training with constant loads of 70%1RM, 80%1RM, and 90%1RM, respectively. Training was conducted twice a week for a total of 8 weeks. Lower limb explosive power indicators, knee joint isokinetic muscle strength, and serum biochemical parameters were tested before and after the training. Results The standing vertical jump and reach performance was significantly higher in the 80%1RM group than in the 70%1RM group and 90%1RM group (P＜0.05). The standing long jump performance in the 80%1RM group was significantly higher than that in the 90%1RM group (P＜0.05). The peak torque of knee extension at 60°/s was significantly higher in the 90%1RM group than in the 70%1RM group and 80%1RM group (P＜0.05); the peak torque of knee flexion at 180°/s in the 80%1RM group was significantly higher than that in the 70%1RM group and 90%1RM group (P＜0.05). The lactic acid (LA) clearance rate and testosterone (T) level in the 80%1RM group were significantly higher than those in the 70%1RM group and 90%1RM group (P＜0.05); the creatine kinase (CK) and cortisol (Cor) levels in the 90%1RM group were significantly higher than those in the other two groups (P＜0.05). Conclusion The 8-week squat training with different loads has load specificity in non-professional male college basketball players. The 80%1RM has the best comprehensive effect in improving lower limb explosive power, rapid contraction ability, and regulation of metabolic and anabolic hormones; the 90%1RM is more conducive to improving the maximum strength of knee extensor muscles, but is accompanied by stronger muscle damage and stress response; the effect of the 70%1RM group is relatively weak.

关键词

深蹲 / 负荷 / 大学生 / 男子篮球运动员 / 下肢爆发力 / 等速肌力 / 生化参数

Key words

squat / load / college student / non-professional male basketball player / lower limb explosive power / isokinetic muscle strength / biochemical parameter

参考文献

[1] 钟茵菲, 温鑫菲, 鲁荻. 不同鞋帮高度篮球鞋对踝关节稳定性及动力学影响的研究[J]. 应用力学学报, 2024， 41（6）: 1418-1427.

[2] Zhong Yinfei, Wen Xinfei, Lu Di. Research on the influence of basketball shoes with different upper heights on ankle stability and dynamics[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Mechanics, 2024, 41(6): 1418-1427(in Chinese).

[3] 刘军, 程丽平, 徐建华. 篮球比赛负荷特征的研究成果对体能训练的启示[J]. 体育学刊, 2012， 19（5）: 108-112.

[4] Liu Jun, Cheng Liping, Xu Jianhua. Inspirations from the research results of basketball game load characteristics to stamina training[J]. Journal of Physical Education, 2012, 19(5): 108-112(in Chinese).

[5] 朱学强, 刘凤虎. 快速伸缩训练对大学生男子篮球运动员下肢爆发力的影响研究[J]. 应用力学学报, 2025， 42（3）: 712-722.

[6] Zhu Xueqiang, Liu Fenghu. Effects of plyometric training on the lower limb explosive power of college male basketball players[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Mechanics, 2025, 42(3): 712-722(in Chinese).

[7] 王智慧. 深蹲中基于速度的力量训练对大学生篮球运动员下肢爆发力等运动能力的影响[D]. 武汉: 武汉体育学院， 2020.

[8] Jiang D T, Xu G. Effects of chains squat training with different chain load ratio on the explosive strength of young basketball players' lower limbs[J]. Frontiers in Physiology, 2022, 13: 979367.

[9] 张帅, 赵亮, 万发同, 等. 基于速度的力量训练中不同速度丢失阈值（10% vs 20%）对大学生运动员下肢爆发力的影响[J]. 中国体育科技, 2023， 59（7）: 39-46.

[10] Zhang Shuai, Zhao Liang, Wan Fatong, et al. Effects of different velocity loss thresholds (10% vs 20%) on lower extremity explosive force of college athletes in velocity-based strength training[J]. China Sport Science and Technology, 2023, 59(7): 39-46(in Chinese).

[11] 张宁. 超负荷深蹲训练对高中男子篮球运动员下肢爆发力的影响研究[D]. 临汾: 山西师范大学， 2019.

[12] 刘冰冰. 不同负荷深蹲的激活后增强效应对篮球专项男生下肢爆发力的影响研究[D]. 成都: 四川师范大学， 2023.

[13] Tillin N A, Bishop D. Factors modulating post-activation potentiation and its effect on performance of subsequent explosive activities[J]. Sports Medicine, 2009, 39(2): 147-166.

[14] Wilson J M, Duncan N M, Marin P J, et al. Meta-analysis of postactivation potentiation and power: effects of conditioning activity, volume, gender, rest periods, and training status[J]. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2013, 27(3): 854-859.

[15] 李鸿彪. 后激活增强效应对18-19岁男子跳远运动员下肢爆发力的影响研究[D]. 石家庄: 河北师范大学， 2023.

[16] 郑彩云. 激活后增强效应对男性短跑运动员下肢爆发力的影响研究[D]. 武汉: 武汉体育学院， 2020.

[17] 杨琳. 不同负荷半蹲对体育高考生立定跳远后激活增强效应的影响[D]. 北京: 北京体育大学， 2020.

[18] 周勇美, 张辉. 激活后增强效应对跆拳道运动员下肢快速力量的影响[J]. 山东体育科技, 2021， 43（5）: 37-43.

[19] Zhou Yongmei, Zhang Hui. Effect of post activation potentiation on the fast strength of lower limbs of taekwondo athletes[J]. Shandong Sports Science & Technology, 2021, 43(5): 37-43(in Chinese).

[20] 廖桂林. 聚组训练对篮球专项学生下肢最大力量和爆发力影响的实验研究[D]. 南京: 南京体育学院， 2022.

[21] Morton R W, Sonne M W, Farias Z A, et al. Muscle fibre activation is unaffected by load and repetition duration when resistance exercise is performed to task failure[J]. The Journal of Physiology, 2019, 597(17): 4601-4613.

[22] Burgomaster K A, Heigenhauser G J F, Gibala M J. Effect of short-term sprint interval training on human skeletal muscle carbohydrate metabolism during exercise and time-trial performance[J]. Journal of Applied Physiology, 2006, 100(6): 2041-2047.

[23] Kraemer W J, Ratamess N A, Hymer W C, et al. Growth hormone(s), testosterone, insulin-like growth factors, and cortisol: roles and integration for cellular development and growth with exercise[J]. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 2020, 11: 33.

[24] Surała O, Malczewska-Lenczowska J, Sitkowski D, et al. Effect of training load on sleep parameters and biochemical fatigue markers in elite swimmers[J]. Biology of Sport, 2023, 40(4): 1229-1237.

基金资助

江苏高校哲学社会科学研究资助项目(2023SJYB0221)