The pH was identified as one of the primary factors of groundwater quality, as it directly influences the chemical properties of groundwater, the migration and transformation capabilities of pollutants. Xiamen, a major coastal city in southeastern China, exhibited acidic characteristics in approximately half of its samples. The distribution characteristics and influencing factors of pH in Xiamen were considered to have significant scientific value for both the rational development and utilization of regional groundwater resources and the enhancement of water resource protection. This study, focusing on shallow groundwater in Xiamen, utilized a combination of hydrochemical analysis and statistical methods to investigate the distribution characteristics, controlling factors, and causes of groundwater pH in Xiamen. The results indicated that groundwater pH in Xiamen were predominantly acidic (pH < 6.5) and neutral (6.5 ≤ pH < 8.0), ranging from 4.8 to 7.7. Moreover, the spatial distribution of groundwater pH exhibited significant geomorphological differentiation. Specifically, the pH of groundwater in the coastal plain region was higher than in the hilly-terrace region. Acid rain, water-rock interaction, characteristics of acidic vadose zone medium, and seawater intrusion were identified as the main Influencing factors of groundwater pH in Xiamen. Overall, the distribution pattern of groundwater pH in Xiamen was a comprehensive result of the coupling effect of multiple natural and environmental factors.
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