This study analyzes the role of property risk in asset pricing by constructing the house-consumption based asset pricing model (HCAPM), in which properties are considered as consumption as well as assets. The theoretical analysis shows that the growth rate of the rent-to-income ratio affects stock risks and prices by influencing the covariance between the asset return and the growth rate of marginal utility. Empirical evidence shows that the HCAPM model can successfully price the mixed assets of stocks and properties and can avoid the risk-free rate puzzle. We also derive the linear factor model, which better explains cross-sectional variation in returns of the aforementioned mixed assets.
本文这一部分将构建HCAPM模型,并在模型中考虑住房的消费属性和投资属性。住房的消费属性体现在消费者支付的租金上,住房的投资属性体现在消费者可通过购买住房进行投资以实现跨期消费。本文模型设定参考了Yogo(2006)和Huang et al.(2014)的研究,与他们不同的是,本文将住房消费纳入分析框架,代表性家庭可以从住房消费中获得效用,并且可以在住房市场和股票市场投资。考虑一个具有无限期生命的代表性家庭,通过消费普通商品和住房以获得效用1。在每一时期t,消费者购买单位的普通消费品和单位的住房类消费品。我们假设住房具有投资属性,与股票共同构成投资品。具体来讲,在这个经济中共有N种可投资性资产,其中有种股票资产和种房地产投资品。在不考虑限购政策的条件下,每一种房地产投资品可以理解为某个城市的商品房2。股票资产在t期的收益率为,为一个×1的随机向量;房地产投资在t期的收益率为,为一个()×1的随机向量。代表性家庭在第t期的总收入为Wt,其总资产在股票和房地产之间进行投资分配,投资在股票资产的比重为,投资在房地产的比重为,且向量满足条件:
其中,代表了主观偏好,即家庭对住房和普通消费品的相对偏好程度。,决定了期内替代弹性(Elasticity of Substitution,简称ES)的大小:,。当时,,意味着住房消费对普通消费品的替代弹性较小,即两种商品难以替代;当时,,意味着住房对普通消费品的替代弹性较大;当时,两种商品完全替代,效用函数转变为Cobb-Douglas的形式。
我们首先分析了住房租金因子风险()是否有助于解释规模溢价和价值溢价。表5的Panel A 报告了Fama-French 25投资组合的平均超额收益率。结果表明,投资组合的平均超额收益率随市值的提高而逐渐下降,投资组合的超额收益率随着账面市值比的提高而上升,说明我国股市存在着明显的规模溢价和价值溢价现象,但价值溢价小于规模溢价。Panel B 报告了基于线性因子模型式(20)得到的Fama-French 25投资组合的住房因子风险(),不难发现住房租金风险随着投资组合市值的提高而递减,并且住房租金风险没有随着账面市值比的提高而提高。这说明小公司股票也面临着更高的住房租金风险,但住房租金风险不能解释价值溢价。
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