高熵合金粉末冶金技术研究进展与发展趋势

Recent advances and future perspectives in powder metallurgy processing of high-entropy alloys

摘要

高熵合金作为一种基于多主元设计理念的新型合金体系，突破了传统单一或少量主元素合金设计模式，因其高强度、高硬度、优异的耐腐蚀性和高温稳定性而受到广泛关注。近年来，随着粉末冶金与增材制造技术的快速发展，粉末冶金高熵合金逐渐成为材料领域的研究热点。相较于传统铸造方法，粉末冶金技术能够有效改善高熵合金的成分均匀性与组织细化程度，实现近净成形，并拓展复杂构件的制备能力。本文系统综述了高熵合金的基本理论与核心效应，重点分析了机械合金化、气雾化、电极感应熔炼气雾化、旋转电极雾化及等离子球化等粉末制备技术，以及放电等离子烧结、热挤压、热等静压和增材制造等成形与致密化方法的发展现状。在此基础上，总结了粉末冶金高熵合金在力学性能、耐腐蚀性能、高温稳定性及辐照性能等方面的提升机制与优势，并对其在核能、航空航天、海洋工程及高性能涂层等领域的应用前景进行了讨论。最后，针对成本控制、工艺优化与材料基因工程设计等关键问题进行了展望。

Abstract

High-entropy alloys (HEAs), designed based on the multi-principal element concept, break through the traditional alloy design strategy dominated by one or two principal elements. Owing to the superior comprehensive properties, including high strength, high hardness, excellent corrosion resistance, and remarkable thermal stability, HEAs have attracted the extensive attention in recent years. With the rapid development of powder metallurgy and additive manufacturing technologies, the powder-metallurgy-processed HEAs have emerged as a research hotspot in the field of advanced materials. Compared with the conventional casting methods, powder metallurgy can effectively improve the compositional homogeneity and microstructural refinement, enable the near-net-shape fabrication, and expand the capability for producing complex components. The fundamental theories and core effects of HEAs were systematically reviewed in this paper, with emphasis on the powder preparation techniques, such as mechanical alloying, gas atomization, electrode induction melting gas atomization, plasma rotating electrode process, and plasma spheroidization, as well as the consolidation and forming technologies, including spark plasma sintering, hot extrusion, hot isostatic pressing, and additive manufacturing. Furthermore, the strengthening mechanisms and performance advantages of powder-metallurgy HEAs in terms of mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, high-temperature stability, and irradiation resistance were summarized. The potential applications in nuclear energy, aerospace engineering, marine environments, and high-performance coatings were also discussed. Finally, the future challenges and development directions, including cost reduction, process optimization, and materials genome engineering design, were proposed.

关键词

高熵合金 / 粉末冶金 / 雾化制粉 / 增材制造 / 高温结构材料

Key words

high-entropy alloys / powder metallurgy / atomization / additive manufacturing / high-temperature structural materials

参考文献

[1] Roger C R. The Superalloys: Fundamentals and Applications [M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006: 297.

[2] Was G S. Fundamentals of Radiation Materials Science: Metals and Alloys [M]. New York: Springer, 2017: 315.

[3] Pollock T M, Sammy T. Nickel—based superalloys for advanced turbine engines: chemistry, microstructure and properties [J]. J Propul Power, 2006, 22(2): 361.

[4] Yeh J W, Chen S K, Lin S J, et al. Nanostructured high—entropy alloys with multiple principal elements: novel alloy design concepts and outcomes [J]. Adv Eng Mater, 2004, 6(5): 299.

[5] Cantor B, Chang I T, Knight P, et al. Microstructural development in equiatomic multicomponent alloys [J]. Mater Sci Eng A, 2004, 375: 213.

[6] Miracle D B, Senkov O N. A critical review of high entropy alloys and related concepts [J]. Acta Mater, 2017, 122: 448.

[7] Zhang Y, Zuo T T, Tang Z, et al. Microstructures and properties of high—entropy alloys [J]. Prog Mater Sci, 2014, 61: 1.

[8] Li W D, Xie D, Li D Y, et al. Mechanical behavior of high—entropy alloys [J]. Prog Mater Sci, 2021, 118: 100777.

[9] Li M F, Henein H, Zhou C G, et al. Towards high—entropy alloys with high—temperature corrosion resistance and structural stability [J]. J Mater Sci Technol, 2024, 174: 133.

[10] Zhang H Z, Wang Q Q, Li C H, et al. He—ion irradiation effects on the microstructures and mechanical properties of the Ti‒Zr‒Hf‒V‒Ta low—activation high—entropy alloys [J]. Materials, 2023, 16(16): 5530.

[11] Christian W, Alberto F, Schreuer J, et al. Effects of Cr/Ni ratio on physical properties of Cr‒Mn‒Fe‒Co‒Ni high—entropy alloys [J]. Acta Mater, 2022, 227: 117693.

[12] He S C, Zhou X R, Mordehai D, et al. Thermal super—jogs control the high—temperature strength plateau in Nb‒Mo‒Ta‒W alloys [J]. Acta Mater, 2022, 244: 118539.

[13] Zhang Z Q, Ketov S V, Fellner S, et al. Reactive interdiffusion of an Al film and a CoCrFeNi high—entropy alloy [J]. Mater Des, 2022, 216: 110530.

[14] Zhang W R, Zhang Y. Science and technology in high—entropy alloys [J]. Sci China Mater, 2018, 61(1): 2.

[15] (张蔚冉, 张勇. 高熵合金材料研究进展[J]. 中国科学: 材料科学, 2018, 61(1): 2.)

[16] Pradeep K G, Tasan C C, Yao M J, et al. Non—equiatomic high entropy alloys: Approach towards rapid alloy screening and property—oriented design [J]. Mater Sci Eng A, 2015, 648: 183.

[17] Le J, Zhang Y. The microstructure and properties of high entropy alloys produced by additive manufacturing [J]. Met World, 2025(1): 1.

[18] (勒进, 张勇. 增材制造高熵合金的组织结构和性能[J]. 金属世界, 2025(1): 1.)

[19] Song X F, Zhang Y. Research progress on high entropy alloys [J]. Powder Metall Technol, 2022, 40(5): 451.

[20] (宋鑫芳, 张勇. 高熵合金研究进展[J]. 粉末冶金技术, 2022, 40(5): 451.)

[21] Liu Y, You Q S, Zhu H M, et al. Preparation of new high hardness martensitic iron based alloy powder by electrode induction aerosolization method [J]. Powder Metall Technol, 2021, 39(6): 537.

[22] (刘艳, 尤齐燊, 朱红梅, 等. 电极感应气雾化法制备新型高硬度马氏体铁基合金粉末[J]. 粉末冶金技术, 2021, 39(6): 537.)

[23] Hou W Q, Meng J, Liang J J, et al. Preparation technology and research progress of high temperature alloy powder for additive manufacturing [J]. Powder Metall Technol, 2022, 40(2): 131.

[24] (侯维强, 孟杰, 梁静静, 等. 增材制造用高温合金粉末制备技术及研究进展[J]. 粉末冶金技术, 2022, 40(2): 131.)

[25] Qu X H, Zhang G Q, Zhang L. Application of powder metallurgy technology in aircraft engines [J]. J Aeronaut Mater, 2014, 34(1): 1.

[26] (曲选辉, 张国庆, 章林. 粉末冶金技术在航空发动机中的应用[J]. 航空材料学报, 2014, 34(1): 1.)

[27] Yang Q, Lu Z L, Huang F X, et al. Research status and development trends of laser additive manufacturing technology [J]. Aviat Manuf Technol, 2016, 59(12): 26.

[28] (杨强, 鲁中良, 黄福享, 等. 激光增材制造技术的研究现状及发展趋势[J]. 航空制造技术, 2016, 59(12): 26.)

[29] Wen J H, Yang Z G, Ding Y C, et al. Research status and prospects of selective laser melting additive manufacturing technology [J]. MW Met Form, 2023(10): 14.

[30] (温家浩, 杨中桂, 丁永春, 等. 选区激光熔化增材制造技术研究现状与展望[J]. 金属加工 (热加工), 2023(10): 14.)

[31] Yang Y, Zhang A, Li Y, et al. Research and application of metal additive manufacturing process, materials and forming mechanism [J]. MW Met Form, 2024(3): 33.

[32] (杨扬, 张澳, 李瑶, 等. 金属增材制造工艺, 材料及成形机理的研究与应用[J]. 金属加工 (热加工), 2024(3): 33.)

[33] Chen Z K, Jiang J X, Wang Y J, et al. Defects, microstructure and mechanical properties of formed materials in metal additive manufacturing [J]. Chin J Theor Appl Mech, 2021, 53(12): 3190.

[34] (陈泽坤, 蒋佳希, 王宇嘉, 等. 金属增材制造中的缺陷, 组织形貌和成形材料力学性能[J]. 力学学报, 2021, 53(12): 3190.)

[35] Li T X, Wang S D, Lu Y P, et al. Research progress and prospects of high entropy alloy materials [J]. Chin Eng Sci, 2023, 25(3): 170.

[36] (李天昕, 王书道, 卢一平, 等. 高熵合金材料研究进展与展望[J]. 中国工程科学, 2023, 25(3): 170.)

[37] He C J, Liu X J, Zhang P, et al. Application of powder metallurgy in high entropy materials [J]. Chin J Eng, 2019, 41(12): 1501.

[38] (何春静, 刘雄军, 张盼, 等. 粉末冶金在高熵材料中的应用[J]. 工程科学学报, 2019, 41(12): 1501.)

[39] Chen Y, Peng J, Li J, et al. Research on radiation hardening and mechanical properties of high entropy alloys [J]. J Solid Mech, 2020, 41(6): 600.

[40] (陈阳, 彭静, 李甲, 等. 高熵合金辐照硬化与力学性能研究[J]. 固体力学学报, 2020, 41(6): 600.)

[41] Li K Y, Zhai Y L, Hu X Y, et al. Research progress on high—temperature corrosion of eutectic high entropy alloys [J]. Chin J Corros Prot, 2024, 44(6): 1377.

[42] (李开洋, 翟蕴龙, 胡新宇, 等. 共晶高熵合金高温腐蚀的研究进展[J]. 中国腐蚀与防护学报, 2024, 44(6): 1377.)

[43] Mao A Q, Chen S J, Jia Y G, et al. The effect of Al content on the microstructure and properties of powder metallurgy CoCrFeMnNi high entropy alloy [J]. J Mech Eng, 2024, 60(20): 134.

[44] (冒爱琴, 陈诗洁, 贾洋刚, 等. Al含量对粉末冶金CoCrFeMnNi高熵合金组织结构与性能的影响[J]. 机械工程学报, 2024, 60(20): 134.)

[45] Xia M, Wang P, Zhang X H, et al. Structural optimization design of non restricted nozzle in the preparation of high—temperature alloy powder by electrode induction melting gas atomization method [J]. Powder Metall Technol, 2019, 37(4): 288.

[46] (夏敏, 汪鹏, 张晓虎, 等. 电极感应熔化气雾化法制备高温合金粉末中非限制式喷嘴的结构优化设计[J]. 粉末冶金技术, 2019, 37(4): 288.)

[47] Qi J Q, Yue Y W, Hu J, et al. Preparation of M62 bearing steel powder by EIGA and PREP [J]. Powder Metall Technol, 2024, 42(2): 144.

[48] (祁进坤, 岳永文, 胡剑, 等. EIGA和PREP制备M62轴承钢粉末[J]. 粉末冶金技术, 2024, 42(2): 144.)

[49] Li J G, Huang R R, Zhang Q, et al. Research progress on mechanical properties and deformation behavior of high entropy alloys [J]. Chin J Theor Appl Mech, 2020, 52(2): 333.

[50] (李建国, 黄瑞瑞, 张倩, 等. 高熵合金的力学性能及变形行为研究进展[J]. 力学学报, 2020, 52(2): 333.)

[51] Zhao B, Zhu D Z, Zheng Z X. Microstructure and properties of high entropy alloy reinforced cast aluminum alloy [J]. Special Cast Non—Ferrous Alloys, 2019, 39(4): 417.

[52] (赵彬, 朱德智, 郑振兴. 高熵合金增强铸造铝合金的组织与性能[J]. 特种铸造及有色合金, 2019, 39(4): 417.)

[53] He J, Ma S Z, Zhang X G, et al. Research progress and prospects of metal powder preparation technique for additive manufacturing [J]. Mech Eng Mater, 2020, 44(11): 46, 58.

[54] (何杰, 马士洲, 张兴高, 等. 增材制造金属粉末制备技术的研究进展与展望[J]. 机械工程材料, 2020, 44(11): 46, 58.

[55] Zheng L, Zhang G Q, Zhang L C, et al. Precise customization of high—temperature alloy preparation process: strategies, methods, and validation [J]. J Aeronaut Mater, 2025, 45(5): 1.

[56] (郑亮, 张国庆, 张利冲, 等. 高温合金制备工艺精确定制: 策略, 方法与验证[J]. 航空材料学报, 2025, 45(5): 1.)

[57] Li R Z, Liaw P K, Jiang J Z, et al. Design strategy for enhancing mechanical properties and magnetocaloric effect of eutectic Ni‒Mn‒Sn‒Fe alloy via laser powder bed fusion [J]. Mater Sci Eng A, 2026, 954: 149795.

[58] Wu W H, Wang T, Fan Y. Research progress on main preparation technologies of spherical metal powder for additive manufacturing [J]. Mech Eng Mater, 2021, 45(11): 76.

[59] (吴文恒, 王涛, 范玎. 增材制造用球形金属粉末主要制备技术的研究进展[J]. 机械工程材料, 2021, 45(11): 76.)

[60] Liu J, Xu N H, Yu J N. Preparation of TC4 alloy powder by plasma rotating electrode atomization [J]. Ningxia Eng Technol, 2016, 4: 340.

[61] Aller A, Losada A. Rotating atomization processes of reactive and refractory alloys [J]. Met Powder Rep, 1990, 45(1): 51.

[62] Wang Y J, Zhang X, Zhang S Y, et al. Plasma preparation technology and development prospects analysis of spherical titanium alloy powder for additive manufacturing [J]. Metl World, 2021(1): 20.

[63] (王彦军, 张鑫, 张思源, 等. 增材制造用球形钛合金粉等离子制备技术及发展前景分析[J]. 金属世界, 2021(1): 20.)

[64] Tian J L, Wang C X, Song P, et al. The influence of preparation process on the basic characteristics of NiCoCrAlY powder [J]. Powder Metall Technol, 2026, 44(1): 64.

[65] (田嘉乐, 王成蹊, 宋鹏, 等. 制备工艺对NiCoCrAlY粉末基本特性的影响[J]. 粉末冶金技术, 2026, 44(1): 64.)

[66] Luo L M, Ruan F J, Ye W, et al. Research progress on the influence of binder and powder characteristics on the feeding performance of metal injection molding [J]. Powder Metall Technol, 2025, 43(1): 1.

[67] (罗来马, 阮方杰, 叶伟, 等. 粘结剂与粉末特性对金属注射成形喂料性能影响的研究进展[J]. 粉末冶金技术, 2025, 43(1): 1.)

[68] Zhou K X, Yang Z X, Wang J B, et al. Optimization of self propagating high—temperature synthesis hydrogenation dehydrogenation process for preparing titanium powder [J]. Powder Metall Technol, 2025, 43(1): 109.

[69] (周可心, 杨占鑫, 王俊博, 等. 自蔓延高温合成氢化—脱氢制备钛粉工艺优化[J]. 粉末冶金技术, 2025, 43(1): 109.)

[70] Luo L M, Yan S, Liu Z, et al. Progress and trends in modification research of advanced tungsten composite materials for plasma materials [J]. Powder Metall Technol, 2023, 41(1): 12.

[71] (罗来马, 颜硕, 刘祯, 等. 面向等离子体材料用先进钨复合材料的改性研究进展与趋势[J]. 粉末冶金技术, 2023, 41(1): 12.)

[72] Wang L, Gao J C, Bao X G, et al. Effect of mechanical ball milling on the microstructure and tensile properties of CoCrFeMnNi high entropy alloy sintered by discharge plasma sintering [J]. Powder Metall Technol, 2024, 42(6): 645.

[73] (王磊, 高晋昌, 包晓刚, 等. 机械球磨对CoCrFeMnNi放电等离子烧结高熵合金显微组织和拉伸性能的影响[J]. 粉末冶金技术, 2024, 42(6): 645.)

[74] Wang J, Dong H Y, Xu H F, et al. Research status and development of powder metallurgy porous tungsten [J]. Powder Metall Technol, 2025, 43(2): 239.

[75] (王杰, 董宏月, 徐海峰, 等. 粉末冶金多孔钨的研究现状与发展[J]. 粉末冶金技术, 2025, 43(2): 239.)

[76] Li K F, Shi Q, Mao X H, et al. The influence of metal powder characteristics on the selective laser melting process and the properties of its components [J]. Powder Metall Technol, 2022, 40(6): 499.

[77] (李克峰, 施麒, 毛新华, 等. 金属粉末特性对选区激光熔化工艺及其制件性能影响[J]. 粉末冶金技术, 2022, 40(6): 499.)

[78] Luo S, Wang H Z, Gao Z Y, et al. Interaction between high—velocity gas and liquid in gas atomization revealed by a new coupled simulation model [J]. Mater Des, 2021, 212: 110264.

[79] Guan S W, Liu S C, Shi J, et al. Research progress and prospects of metal powder preparation by aerosolization [J]. Foundry, 2022, 71(2): 136.

[80] (关书文, 刘世昌, 时坚, 等. 气雾化制备金属粉末的研究进展及展望[J]. 铸造, 2022, 71(2): 136.)

[81] Hou W Q, Wu J X, Meng J, et al. Preparation of GH3536 alloy powder and simulation of atomization process under different atomization pressures [J]. Powder Metall Technol, 2023, 41(5): 410.

[82] (侯维强, 吴佳欣, 孟杰, 等. 不同雾化压力下GH3536合金粉末制备和气雾化过程模拟[J]. 粉末冶金技术, 2023, 41(5): 410.)

[83] Zhang Q, Zheng L, Xu W Y, et al. Research progress on argon atomization nickel based powder high—temperature alloys and powder characteristics [J]. Powder Metall Technol, 2022, 40(5): 387.

[84] (张强, 郑亮, 许文勇, 等. 氩气雾化镍基粉末高温合金及粉末特性研究进展[J]. 粉末冶金技术, 2022, 40(5): 387.)

[85] Nong B Z, Zhang Y Z, Liu Z M, et al. Microstructure and properties of new nickel based high temperature alloy powder prepared by argon atomization [J]. Mater Sci Eng Powder Metall, 2021, 26(6): 547.

[86] (农必重, 张亚洲, 刘祖铭, 等. 氩气雾化制备新型镍基高温合金粉末的微观结构和性能[J]. 粉末冶金材料科学与工程, 2021, 26(6): 547.)

[87] Tang H P. Research progress on plasma rotating electrode powder production technology [J]. Powder Metall Technol, 2023, 41(1): 2, 54.

[88] (汤慧萍. 等离子旋转电极制粉技术研究进展[J]. 粉末冶金技术, 2023, 41(1): 2, 54.

[89] Tang G D, Duan H P, Zhang L. Selective laser melting of medical Ti6Al4V powder for recycling and its impact on forming quality [J]. Powder Metall Technol, 2025, 43(6): 722, 737.

[90] (唐光东, 段红平, 张良. 选区激光熔化医用Ti6Al4V粉末循环利用及其对成形质量的影响[J]. 粉末冶金技术, 2025, 43(6): 722, 737.

[91] Feng E H, Wang X Q, Han X, et al. Optimization of process parameters for laser selective melting of Ti6Al4V alloy [J]. Powder Metall Technol, 2022, 40(6): 555.

[92] (冯恩昊, 王小齐, 韩潇, 等. 激光选区熔化Ti6Al4V合金的工艺参数优化[J]. 粉末冶金技术, 2022, 40(6): 555.)

[93] Gu X Y, Lin Y, Qu X L, et al. The effect of laser power on the microstructure and properties of Fe‒Mn‒Al‒Ni‒C light steel formed by laser powder bed melting [J]. Powder Metall Technol, 2024, 42(5): 471.

[94] (顾祥宇, 林媛, 曲星霖, 等. 激光功率对激光粉末床熔融成形Fe‒Mn‒Al‒Ni‒C轻质钢组织及性能的影响[J]. 粉末冶金技术, 2024, 42(5): 471.)

[95] Zhang W, Hu B, Hu M L, et al. Research progress on the influence of hafnium on crack formation, microstructure, and high—temperature mechanical properties of high—strength nickel based superalloys in additive manufacturing [J]. Powder Metall Technol, 2025, 43(5): 525.

[96] (张维, 胡斌, 胡明磊, 等. 铪对增材制造高强镍基高温合金裂纹形成、组织及高温力学性能影响的研究进展[J]. 粉末冶金技术, 2025, 43(5): 525.)

[97] Sun B, Xia M, Zhang Z B, et al. Performance control and additive manufacturing of refractory high entropy alloys [J]. J Mater Eng, 2020, 48(10): 1.

[98] (孙博, 夏铭, 张志彬, 等. 难熔高熵合金性能调控与增材制造[J]. 材料工程, 2020, 48(10): 1.)

[99] Lin P P, Lin J C, Yu D, et al. The current application status of discharge plasma sintering technology in the field of material bonding [J]. Trans China Weld Inst, 2022, 43(11): 15.

[100] (林盼盼, 林金城, 于迪, 等. 放电等离子体烧结技术在材料连接领域的应用现状[J]. 焊接学报, 2022, 43(11): 15.)

[101] Wang M L, Cui H Z, Zhao Y, et al. Enhanced strength and ductility in a spark plasma sintered CoCrCu0.5NiAl0.5 high—entropy alloy via a double—step ball milling approach for processing powders [J]. Mater Sci Eng A, 2019, 762: 138071.

[102] Ditenberg I A, Smirnov I V, Grinyaev K V, et al. Morphology, structural—phase state and microhardness of a multicomponent non—equiatomic W‒Ta‒Mo‒Nb‒Zr‒Cr‒Ti powders mixture depending on the duration of ball milling [J]. Adv Powder Technol, 2020, 31(10): 4401.

[103] Guo Y H, He X C, Dai Y B, et al. Characterization of hot extrusion deformation behavior, texture evolution, and mechanical properties of Mg‒5Li—3Sn—2Al—1Zn magnesium alloy [J]. Mater Sci Eng A, 2022, 858: 144136.

[104] Li J F, Pan Y, Wu C F, et al. Processing of advanced thermoelectric materials [J]. Sci China Technol Sci, 2017, 60(9): 1347.

[105] Bai L, Ge C C, Shen W P. Discharge plasma sintering technology [J]. Powder Metall Technol, 2007, 25(3): 217.

[106] (白玲, 葛昌纯, 沈卫平. 放电等离子烧结技术[J]. 粉末冶金技术, 2007, 25(3): 217.)

[107] Fiocchi J, Biffi C A, Elnemr M, et al. Hot isostatic pressing and heat treatments of LPBFed CoCuFeMnNiTi0.13 high—entropy alloy: microstructure and mechanical properties [J]. J Mater Res Technol, 2023, 26: 9127.

[108] Chen L, Fu Z Q, Chen W P, et al. Enhancing mechanical properties and electrochemical behavior of equiatomic fenicocr high—entropy alloy through sintering and hot isostatic pressing for binder jet 3d printing [J]. Addit Manuf, 2023, 81: 103999.

[109] Han Q Q, Mertens R, Montero—Sistiaga M L, et al. Laser powder bed fusion of Hastelloy X: Effects of hot isostatic pressing and the hot cracking mechanism [J]. Mater Sci Eng A, 2018, 732: 228.

[110] Maria W, Wiktor B, Jakub K, et al. Fine—tuning of mechanical properties in a Zn‒Ag‒Mg alloy via cold plastic deformation process and post—deformation annealing [J]. Bioact Mater, 2021, 6(10): 3424.

[111] Lin D J, Liu Z Q, Tang H, et al. Microstructure and properties of Ti/(TiB+TiC) composite materials prepared by low cost TiH₂ powder [J]. Powder Metall Technol, 2024, 42(2): 135.

[112] (林东键, 柳中强, 唐浩, 等. 低成本TiH₂粉末制备Ti/(TiB+TiC)复合材料的组织与性能 [J]. 粉末冶金技术, 2024, 42(2): 135.)

[113] Yuan B L, Li C Q, Dong Y, et al. Selective laser melting of the Al_0.3CoCrFeNiCu high—entropy alloy: Processing parameters, microstructure and mechanical properties [J]. Mater Des, 2022, 220: 110847.

[114] Sohrabi N, Ran R S, Duro P A, et al. Laser powder—bed fusion of a high entropy alloy with outstanding intrinsic mechanical properties [J]. J Alloys Compd, 2023, 945: 169209.

[115] Savinov R, Wang Y C, Shi J. Microstructure and properties of CeO₂—doped CoCrFeMnNi high entropy alloy fabricated by laser metal deposition [J]. J Manuf Processes, 2020, 56: 1245.

[116] Kosuke K, Hiroshi S, Tadashi F, et al. Mechanical and corrosion properties of AlCoCrFeNi high—entropy alloy fabricated with selective electron beam melting [J]. Addit Manuf, 2018, 23: 264.

[117] Li H Y, Ma Z L, Cheng X W. Research progress on high temperature and high entropy alloys [J]. J Aeronaut Mater, 2025, 45(5): 61.

[118] (李海洋, 马兆龙, 程兴旺. 高温高熵合金研究进展[J]. 航空材料学报, 2025, 45(5): 61.)

[119] Dewangan S K, Nagarjuna C, Lee H S, et al. Advances in powder metallurgy for high—entropy alloys [J]. J Powder Mater, 2024, 31(6): 480.

[120] Chen X, Xia R F, Jiang W T, et al. Comparative analysis of mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of Co25Cr5Mo5W biomedical alloys fabricated by LPBF and CAST techniques [J]. J Mater Res Technol, 2026, 40: 2246.

[121] Wei Y K, Luo T T, Zhang W H, et al. Corrosion resistance of M2 high—speed steel formed by electron beam powder bed melting [J]. Powder Metall Technol, 2025, 43(4): 391, 406.

[122] (魏瑛康, 罗甜甜, 章文浩, 等. 电子束粉末床熔融成形M2高速钢耐腐蚀性能[J]. 粉末冶金技术, 2025, 43(4): 391, 406.

[123] Chen X S, Kong J, Li J L, et al. High—strength AlCoCrFeNi_2.1 eutectic high entropy alloy with ultrafine lamella structure via additive manufacturing [J]. Mater Sci Eng A, 2022, 854: 143816.

[124] Xiao J W, Deng C. Continuous strengthening in nanotwinned high—entropy alloys enabled by martensite transformation [J]. Phys Rev Mater, 2020, 4(4): 043602.

[125] Zhan L Q, Hou J B, Chen Y Q, et al. High—temperature deformation behavior and dynamic recrystallisation mechanism of the fine—grained hfmonbtati refractory high—entropy alloy prepared by powder metallurgy [J]. Mater Sci Eng A, 2025, 941: 148563.

[126] Ren C X, Lin S C, Chen K, et al. Microstructure, thermal stability, and wear resistance of single crystal nickel based high—temperature alloys produced by additive manufacturing [J]. Chin J Nonferrous Met, 2024, 34(9): 3002.

[127] (任晨宇, 林思聪, 陈凯, 等. 增材制造单晶镍基高温合金微观组织热稳定性及耐磨性能[J]. 中国有色金属学报, 2024, 34(9): 3002.)

[128] Aravinth B, Arumugam G, Mayildurai R. Fabrication of high entropy alloy by powder metallurgy process [J]. Int Res J Adv Eng Hub, 2024, 2(1): 27.

[129] Xu Z L, Zhang H, Du X J, et al. Corrosion resistance enhancement of CoCrFeMnNi high—entropy alloy fabricated by additive manufacturing [J]. Corros Sci, 2020, 177: 108954.

[130] Cheng H X, Luo H, Wang X F, et al. Microstructure and corrosion resistance properties of (FeCoNi)₈₆Al₇Ti₇ high—entropy alloy via different aging time [J]. Corros Sci, 2024, 226: 111670.

[131] Lv Z P, Lei Z F, Huang H L, et al. Deformation behavior and toughening of high entropy alloys [J]. Acta Metall Sin, 2018, 54(11): 1553.

[132] (吕昭平, 雷智锋, 黄海龙, 等. 高熵合金的变形行为及强韧化[J]. 金属学报, 2018, 54(11): 1553.)

[133] Zhang C, Yang J X, Zhang Y Z, et al. Research progress on irradiation effects of refractory high entropy alloys [J]. At Energy Sci Technol, 2025, 59(8): 1565.

[134] (张晨, 杨金学, 张怡卓, 等. 难熔高熵合金的辐照效应研究进展[J]. 原子能科学技术, 2025, 59(8): 1565.)

[135] Wei G Y, Byggmästar J, Cui J Z, et al. Revealing the critical role of vanadium in radiation damage of tungsten—based alloys [J]. Acta Mater, 2024, 274: 119991.

[136] Xiao J K, Zhang Z Z, Li T T, et al. Braking performance of copper—based friction materials reinforced by AlCoCrFeNi high—entropy alloy [J]. Tribol Trans, 2024, 67(3): 423.

[137] Song X F, Peter K L, Wei Z Y, et al. Evolution of the microstructures, magnetic and mechanical behaviors of Co_47.5Fe_28.5Ni₁₉Si_3.4Al_1.6 high—entropy alloy fabricated by laser powder bed fusion [J]. Addit Manuf, 2023, 71: 103593.

[138] Wang H, Ma S H, Zhao W J, et al. Exceptionally low thermal conductivity in distorted high entropy alloy [J]. Mater Res Lett, 2024, 13(1): 24.

[139] Qiu X Y, Mu Y K, Jia Y D. Research progress in preparation of high entropy alloys by selective laser melting [J]. MW Met Form, 2025(1): 1, 26.

[140] (邱翔宇, 穆永坤, 贾延东. 选区激光熔化制备高熵合金的研究进展[J]. 金属加工 (热加工), 2025(1): 1, 26.

[141] Li T X, Lu Y P, Cao Z Q, et al. Opportunities and challenges of refractory high entropy alloys in the field of reactor structural materials [J]. Acta Metall Sin, 2021, 57(1): 42.

[142] (李天昕, 卢一平, 曹志强, 等. 难熔高熵合金在反应堆结构材料领域的机遇与挑战[J]. 金属学报, 2021, 57(1): 42.)

[143] Wen C, Zhang Y, Wang C X, et al. Machine learning assisted collaborative design of strength and toughness for refractory high entropy alloys [J]. Engineering, 2025, 46(3): 214.

[144] (文成, 张闫, 王长鑫, 等. 机器学习辅助难熔高熵合金强韧性协同设计[J]. 工程 (英文), 2025, 46(3): 214.)

[145] Wang L T, Zhu L N, Li R J, et al. Comparative study on corrosion resistance of FeCoCrNiMn high entropy alloy coatings by cold spray and supersonic flame spray [J]. J Mech Eng, 2024, 60(14): 117.

[146] (王琳婷, 朱丽娜, 李润杰, 等. 冷喷涂和超音速火焰喷涂FeCoCrNiMn高熵合金涂层的耐腐蚀性能对比研究[J]. 机械工程学报, 2024, 60(14): 117.)

[147] Liu N, Zhu Z X, Jin Y X, et al. Research progress on laser cladding technology for preparing high entropy alloy coatings [J]. Maters Rev, 2014, 28(5): 133.

[148] (刘宁, 朱智轩, 金云学, 等. 激光熔覆技术制备高熵合金涂层的研究进展[J]. 材料导报, 2014, 28(5): 133.)

[149] Wang J S, Zhang Y. High—entropy alloys: The versatile new materials powering the energy future [J]. Met World, 2025(4): 1.

[150] (王家晟, 张勇. 高熵合金: 能源领域的“多面手”新材料[J]. 金属世界, 2025(4): 1.)

[151] Ji Z Y, Ma Y, Wang Q, et al. Research progress of high—performance soft magnetic alloys [J]. J Mater Eng, 2022, 50(3): 69.

[152] (计植耀, 马跃, 王清, 等. 高性能软磁合金的研究进展[J]. 材料工程, 2022, 50(3): 69.)

[153] Wang L, Lu B H. Research on additive manufacturing technology and industrial development in china [J]. Chin Eng Sci, 2022, 24(4): 202.

[154] (王磊, 卢秉恒. 我国增材制造技术与产业发展研究[J]. 中国工程科学, 2022, 24(4): 202.)

基金资助

国家自然科学基金资助项目(52273280)