直写3D打印碳纤维增强钛基复合材料的性能

Properties of carbon fiber reinforced titanium matrix composites by direct ink writing 3D printing

摘要

采用直写3D打印技术结合热压烧结工艺，制备碳纤维质量分数为0.3%～0.9%的定向排布短切碳纤维增强钛基复合材料。系统研究了复合浆料的流变特性以及碳纤维含量对复合材料微观组织与力学性能的影响。结果表明：复合浆料的粘度和剪切应力随碳纤维质量分数的增加逐步降低。碳纤维在挤出剪切作用下沿打印路径定向排列，热压烧结阶段碳纤维与钛基体发生界面反应，原位生成TiC包覆层。复合材料抗拉强度、屈服强度随碳纤维含量增加呈先升高后降低的变化规律，碳纤维质量分数0.7%时，强度达到峰值；材料硬度随纤维掺量增大持续上升，断后伸长率则单调下降。上述力学性能变化规律由纤维定向强化、TiC界面强化与高纤维含量下孔隙缺陷增多三者间的竞争机制共同主导。断口形貌分析表明，硝酸刻蚀产生的表面沟槽与原位生成TiC相协同，构建“机械互锁+冶金键合”双重界面强化结构，实现碳纤维高效载荷传递。

Abstract

The aligned short carbon fiber reinforced titanium matrix composites with the carbon fiber mass fractions ranging from 0.3% to 0.9% were fabricated by direct-write 3D printing combined with hot-pressing sintering. The rheological properties of composite slurries and the effects of carbon fiber content on the microstructure and mechanical performances of composites were systematically investigated. The results reveal that the viscosity and shear stress of composite slurries decrease with the increasing carbon fiber mass fraction. Carbon fibers are aligned along the printing direction under extrusion shear field, and the TiC interfacial coating layers form through the interfacial reaction between carbon fibers and Ti matrix during hot-pressing sintering. The tensile strength and yield strength of the composites first increase and then decline with fiber content rising, reaching the maximum values at carbon fiber mass fraction of 0.7%. By contrast, the hardness continuously increases while the elongation after fracture decreases monotonically. The evolution of mechanical properties is governed by the competitive mechanism among fiber directional strengthening, TiC interfacial strengthening, and the proliferation of pore defects at high fiber contents. The surface grooves generated by nitric acid etching and the in-situ formed TiC layers jointly construct a dual interfacial strengthening structure of mechanical interlocking plus metallurgical bonding, which guarantees the efficient load bearing of carbon fibers.

关键词

钛基复合材料 / 碳纤维 / 直写3D打印 / 力学性能 / 显微组织

Key words

titanium matrix composites / carbon fiber / direct ink writing 3D printing / mechanical properties / microstructure

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基金资助

石家庄市科技计划项目(2410106001)