高熵合金催化剂的研究进展与应用前景

Research progress and application prospect of high-entropy alloy catalysts

摘要

高熵合金具备高熵、晶格畸变、慢扩散及鸡尾酒四大核心效应，凭借活性高、选择性优、耐腐耐热、结构稳定等优势，有效弥补了传统贵金属催化剂资源稀缺、成本高昂的短板。高熵合金催化剂已被广泛应用于电催化、光催化、热催化三大领域，在析氢、析氧、CO₂转化、有机物降解等反应中表现突出，部分材料性能已超越商用贵金属催化剂。本文系统梳理了机械研磨合金化、碳-热冲击、快速移动床热解等高熵合金催化剂的主流制备工艺，并分析了各类技术的优缺点与适用范围。依托计算材料学和先进表征技术可解决高熵合金催化剂在合金设计、催化机理、稳定性、成本与工艺等方面的瓶颈问题，有望在氢能、燃料电池、温室气体资源化等领域实现大规模工业化应用，助力能源与环境产业绿色发展。

Abstract

High-entropy alloys, leveraging the four core effects as high entropy, lattice distortion, sluggish diffusion, and cocktail effect, possess the advantages such as high activity, excellent selectivity, corrosion and heat resistance, and structural stability, effectively compensating for the scarcity and high cost of the traditional noble metal catalysts. The high-entropy alloy catalysts have been widely applied in electrocatalysis, photocatalysis, and thermocatalysis, which exhibit the outstanding performance in reactions such as hydrogen evolution, oxygen evolution, CO ₂ conversion, and organic pollutant degradation. The mainstream preparation techniques of high-entropy alloy catalysts were systematically reviewed in this paper, including mechanical alloying, carbothermal shock, and rapid moving-bed pyrolysis, and the advantages, disadvantages, and applicable of these preparation techniques were analyzed. By leveraging the computational materials science and advanced characterization techniques, the bottlenecks of high-entropy alloy catalysts in terms of alloy design, catalytic mechanism, stability, cost, and process could be addressed, which is expected to enable the large-scale industrial applications in hydrogen energy, fuel cells, and resource utilization of greenhouse gases, thereby contributing to the green development of the energy and environmental industries.

关键词

高熵合金 / 催化剂 / 制备工艺 / 研究进展

Key words

high-entropy alloys / catalyst / preparation technology / research progress

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基金资助

国家自然科学基金资助项目(52273280)