增材制造高熵合金组织结构与性能优化研究进展

Research progress on microstructure and property optimization of high-entropy alloys fabricated by additive manufacturing

摘要

高熵合金凭借多主元成分设计与高熵效应获得优异综合性能，但传统成形工艺难以兼顾复杂形状与均匀组织，严重制约了高熵合金工业化应用。增材制造技术为实现高熵合金复杂构件成形与微观组织精密调控提供了解决方案。本文系统综述了激光粉末床熔融、定向能量沉积等主流增材制造技术在高熵合金制备中的研究现状，总结了增材制造高熵合金的典型体系以及在增材制造过程中的微观结构特征、力学性能及功能性能。研究表明，增材制造技术通过快速凝固与热循环可细化晶粒、抑制有害相、促进亚稳相形成，显著提高材料性能，但仍面临工艺参数复杂、裂纹敏感、制备成本高、多尺度模拟不足等挑战。未来应积极利用机器学习优化工艺-组织-性能关系，开发新型增材制造技术与后处理工艺，设计低成本合金体系以及结合跨尺度模拟实现智能化设计。

Abstract

High-entropy alloys (HEAs) exhibit the outstanding properties, owing to the multi-principal-element design and high-entropy effects. Nevertheless, the conventional forming processes of HEAs fail to produce the complex shapes while maintaining the microstructural uniformity, hindering the industrial application. Additive manufacturing (AM) provides the revolutionary solution for complex component forming and microstructure precision control. The research status of mainstream additive manufacturing technologies used for high-entropy alloy preparation was systematically reviewed in this paper, such as laser powder bed melting and directional energy deposition. The typical systems, microstructure characteristics, mechanical properties, and functional properties of additive manufacturing high-entropy alloys were summarized. The AM technology can refine grains, inhibit harmful phases, promote the formation of metastable phases, and significantly improve material properties through rapid solidification and thermal cycling. However, the challenges still remain, such as complex process parameters, crack sensitivity, high preparation cost, and insufficient multi-scale simulation. In the future, the machine learning should be actively used to optimize the process-organization-performance relationship, develop new AM technology and post-treatment process, design low-cost alloy system, and realize the intelligent design combined with cross-scale simulation.

关键词

高熵合金 / 增材制造 / 微观组织 / 力学性能 / 材料设计

Key words

high entropy alloys / additive manufacturing / microstructure / mechanical properties / material design

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基金资助

酒泉职业技术学院科技特派员专项(2024XJKXM01)

酒泉市科技局科技支撑计划项目(2024CB2057)

甘肃省科技计划科技创新人才计划项目高技能人才专项(25RCKF001)

兰州现代职业学院2025年度院级课题(LX2025-003)