基于景观基因理论的传统村落保护与发展路径研究——以黄山市洪坑村为例

Protection and Development Paths of Traditional Villages Based on Landscape Gene Theory: a Case Study of Hongkeng Village, Huangshan City

摘要

传统村落是中华农耕文明的重要遗产，其保护与发展已成为乡村振兴与文化遗产保护的重要议题. 在快速城镇化与外部开发冲击下，传统村落空间体系面临要素杂糅、秩序紊乱、文脉断裂等现实困境. 科学识别村落的核心景观基因，并基于基因传承提出保护与发展路径，是实现传统村落可持续发展的关键. 本文以安徽省黄山市徽州区洪坑村为案例，构建“基因识别—特征导向—路径与策略”的分析框架. 研究发现:洪坑村的核心景观基因包括建筑基因(徽派建筑形制与材料)、布局基因(“山—林—田—村” 共生格局与“祠—坊—宅” 圈层结构)和文化基因(进士文化与徽州三雕技艺)；基于基因特征，保护与发展应从“符号重塑、结构重组、意境重建”三个维度展开，对建筑基因实施谱系化传承与分级分类管控，对布局基因进行结构性修复与系统重组，对文化基因进行活态化植入与意境重建；本质是实现“外源驱动与内生需求的平衡、文化保护与功能创新的统一、物质空间重塑与社会活力再造的协同”. 本文为传统村落的保护与发展提供了理论依据与实践路径.

Abstract

Traditional villages are important heritage of Chinese agricultural civilization, and their conservation and development have become key issues in rural revitalization and cultural heritage protection. Under the impact of rapid urbanization and external development, the spatial systems of traditional villages face practical dilemmas such as mixed elements, disordered order, and disrupted cultural continuity. Scientifically identifying the core landscape genes of villages and proposing conservation and development paths based on gene inheritance are crucial for achieving sustainable development of traditional villages. Taking Hongkeng Village in Huizhou District, Huangshan City, Anhui Province as a case study, this paper constructs an analytical framework of "gene identification-feature orientation-pathways and strategies." The findings are as follows: the core landscape genes of Hongkeng Village include architectural genes (Huizhou-style architectural forms and materials), layout genes (the symbiotic pattern of "mountain-forest-field-village" and the concentric structure of "ancestral hall-memorial archway-dwelling"), and cultural genes (Jinshi culture and Huizhou's three carving arts (wood, stone, and brick carving)). Based on these gene characteristics, conservation and development should be carried out in three dimensions: symbolic reshaping, structural reorganization, and reconstruction of artistic conception. Specifically, architectural genes should be inherited genealogically and managed through graded and categorized control; layout genes should undergo structural restoration and systematic reorganization; and cultural genes should be activated and embedded to reconstruct artistic conception. The essence of conservation and development is to achieve "a balance between external drivers and endogenous needs, a unity of cultural preservation and functional innovation, and a synergy between physical space reshaping and social vitality revitalization." This paper provides a theoretical basis and practical path for the conservation and development of traditional villages.

关键词

传统村落 / 景观基因 / 保护与发展 / 空间优化 / 洪坑村

Key words

traditional villages / landscape genes / conservation and development / spatial optimization / Hongkeng Village

参考文献

[1] 李伯华，尹莎，刘沛林，等. 湖南省传统村落空间分布特征及影响因素分析[J].经济地理，2015，35(2):189-194.

[2] 李伯华，李珍，刘沛林，等. 湘江流域传统村落景观基因变异及其分异规律[J].自然资源学报，2022，37(2):362-377.

[3] 程志炫，余捷远，陶伦. 景观基因理论在乡土人居环境设计中的应用:基于国内核心期刊的系统文献评述[J].建筑与文化，2025(8):159-161.

[4] 郭梦瑶. 景观基因视角下传统村落文化景观保护与更新研究:以林州市任村村为例[D].郑州:河南农业大学，2025.

[5] 杨馥端，窦银娣，易韵，等. 催化视角下旅游驱动型传统村落共同富裕的机制与路径研究:以湖南省板梁村为例[J].自然资源学报，2023，38(2):357-374.

[6] 陈耀华，秦芳. 乡村遗产的韧性能力与可持续演进:以普洱景迈山古茶林文化景观遗产为例[J].中国园林，2023，39(1):65-71.

[7] 顾怡，徐冬，于鹏，等. 传统村落旅游地游客文化生态补偿意愿研究:以苏州陆巷、杨湾、明月湾、东村古村为例[J].南京师大学报(自然科学版)，2024，47(3):63-71.

[8] 刘沛林，刘春腊，邓运员，等. 基于景观基因视角的传统聚落景观区系:以湘西为例[J].地理学报，2010，65(9):1103-1113.

[9] 吴隽宇，鲜知颖，彭长歆. 从景观基因识别到适应性修复:传统村落景观保护与活化路径探析[J].风景园林，2025:1-21.

[10] 胡最，刘沛林. 中国传统聚落景观基因组图谱特征[J].地理学报，2015，70(10):1592-1605.

[11] 胡荣，莫冬梅，李婧，等. 白雾村传统村落图式语言解析与修复路径研究:基于图式语言与景观基因理论[J].广东园林，2025，47(1):47-57.

[12] 费雪艳，程叶青，孔熙平，等. 传统村落文化景观基因识别与基因链分析:以陵水黎族自治县疍家渔村为例[J].自然资源学报，2024，39(8):1760-1779.

[13] 窦银娣，李萍萍，李伯华. 图式语言视角下传统村落公共空间特征解构与景观修复研究:以坪坦村为例[J].华中师范大学学报(自然科学版)，2024，58(3):382-394.

[14] Chen X, Xie W, Li H. The spatial evolution process, characteristics and driving factors of traditional villages from the perspective of the cultural ecosystem: a case study of Chengkan Village[J].Habitat International, 2020, 104:102250.

[15] Li H, Yuan Y, Zhang X, et al. Evolution and transformation mechanism of the spatial structure of rural settlements from the perspective of long—term economic and social change: a case study of the Sunan region, China[J].Journal of Rural Studies, 2022(93):234-243.

[16] Hu X, Li H, Zhang X, et al. Multi—dimensionality and the totality of rural spatial restructuring from the perspective of the rural space system: a case study of traditional villages in the ancient Huizhou region, China[J].Habitat International, 2019, 94:102062.

[17] 冯卫，谢一鸣. 徽派传统聚落建筑基因研究[J].中国名城，2011(9):66-68.

[18] 王苏宇，陈晓刚，林辉. 徽州传统村落景观基因识别体系及其特征研究:以安徽宏村为例[J].城市发展研究，2020，27(5):13—17，36.

[19] 王兆峰，张青松. 旅游型传统村落人居环境有机更新过程与机制:以湖南省十八洞村为例[J].经济地理，2024，44(10):155—164，175.

[20] 窦银娣，李萍萍，彭琮皓，等. 基于图式语言的传统村落公共空间布局特征:以沅江流域为例[J].资源科学，2026，48(5):1271-1285.

[21] 刘颖，靳诚. 顾及网络关注度的全国乡村旅游重点村发展潜力评价研究:以长三角地区为例[J].南京师大学报(自然科学版)，2025，48(6):36-47.

基金资助

江苏高校哲学社会科学研究重大项目(2022SJZD027)

安徽省城镇化建设协同创新中心 2022 年度开放课题项目()

安徽省城镇化发展研究中心 2022 年度开放课题项目()