1.Postgraduate Department, China Academy of Railway Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
2.Locomotive Car Research Institute, China Academy of Railway Sciences Corporation Limited, Beijing 100081, China
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文章历史+
Received
Published
2023-05-03
2024-03-01
Issue Date
2026-07-13
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摘要
为探究高速受电弓气动特性仿真时不同湍流模型在不同运行环境中的适用性,基于k-ε,SST k-ω和Spalart-Allmaras 3个湍流模型的理论基础和计算流体力学仿真方法,通过线路试验对仿真结果进行验证后,对比不同模型在开阔环境和隧道环境中的精确度和计算效率。结果表明:在300 km · h-1速度下,SST k-ω与k-ε模型在开阔环境中的闭口和开口方向气动抬升力计算结果差异分别为0.7%和1.5%,与Spalart-Allmaras模型计算结果差异分别为7.1%和5.5%;SST k-ω和k-ε模型在边界层预测均匀,Spalart-Allmaras模型在边界层分离区的预测准确性较低,但在隧道环境中它的精确度高于k-ε模型;在计算效率方面,Spalart-Allmaras模型的迭代次数和收敛速度优于SST k-ω模型;在适用性方面,开阔环境中k-ε模型的精确度和计算效率表现优异,更为适用,而在隧道环境中Spalart-Allmaras模型具有较高的精确度和计算效率,更为适用,但在对精确度要求高且可忽略计算效率因素的情况下SST k-ω模型具有较好适用性和高精确度,更为适用。
Abstract
To investigate the applicability of various turbulence models in simulating the aerodynamic characteristics of high-speed train pantographs under different operating environments, based on the theoretical foundations and computational fluid dynamics simulation methodologies of three turbulence models: k-ε, SST k-ω and Spalart-Allmaras, a comparative analysis was conducted on the accuracy and computational efficiency of these models in open and tunnel environments after the simulation results were verified through line tests. The results revealed that at the speed of 300 km · h-1, the variance between SST k-ω and k-ε models in calculating aerodynamic lift forces in open environments were 0.7% and 1.5% for closed and open configurations, respectively. The calculation variance between SST k-ω and Spalart-Allmaras models were 7.1% and 5.5%, respectively. SST k-ω and k-ε models predicted uniformly in the boundary layer, whereas the Spalart-Allmaras model exhibited lower prediction accuracy in boundary layer separation zones. In tunnel environments, the Spalart-Allmaras model outperformed the k-ε model in terms of accuracy. Regarding computational efficiency, the Spalart-Allmaras model showed advantages in iteration count and convergence speed over the SST k-ω model. The applicability analysis indicated that the k-ε model excelled in both accuracy and computational efficiency in open environments, making it more suitable, whereas the Spalart-Allmaras model offered higher accuracy and calculation efficiency in tunnel environments, proving more applicable. The SST k-ω model is deemed more suitable for scenarios demanding high accuracy, where computational efficiency can be compromised.
仿真中设置的边界条件如图3所示。其中,计算区域入口设置为速度入口(图3蓝色区域)边界条件,流体速度设置为0~300 km · h-1;计算区域出口设置为压力出口(图3红色区域)边界条件,设其静态压力值为0 Pa;计算区域的顶部及左右两侧设置为对称性边界条件;受电弓表面及计算区域的底部设置为无滑移边界条件。
试验中,受电弓静态抬升力为70 N。根据EN 50367标准,该静态抬升力取值对应的工况为:受电弓在开阔环境中运行速度大于200 km · h-1,以及在截面小于55 m2的隧道内运行速度大于160 km · h-1。基于图5所示的平均抬升力数据和静态抬升力,可计算得到气动抬升力,并与表3中不同模型下的仿真结果对比如图6所示。
(2)隧道内,SST k-ω和Spalart-Allmaras模型相比k-ε模型计算结果更为精确,其中Spalart-Allmaras模型收敛速度最快,计算时迭代次数最少,在隧道内仿真结果精确,但在开阔环境、高速运行条件下计算结果略有误差(在300 km · h-1运行速度下的仿真计算中误差为7.1%(闭口方向)和5.5%(开口方向))。因此,在隧道环境中运营及追求仿真计算效率时,Spalart-Allmaras模型为优先选择。
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