1.School of Mechanical and Electronic Control Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
2.Key Laboratory of Vehicle Advanced Manufacturing, Measuring and Control Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
The grinding and polishing of the switch rail after CNC shaping and milling in railway turnout is currently conducted manually, resulting in issues such as low efficiency, poor quality consistency, and missed grinding, which hinder meeting the requirements for efficient and high-quality processing of switch rail. While the integration of industrial robot milling technology into the grinding and polishing process can enhance the automation level of switch rail manufacturing, the complexity and variability of the switch rail tip profile and the weak rigidity of robots pose challenges in ensuring the smoothness of the machining trajectory. Therefore, it is imperative to innovate the trajectory planning method of the robot with complex profile on switch rail tip surfaces. Firstly, a kinematics model of robot is established based on MD-H parameter method and its motion characteristics are analyzed. Then, the tip profile of the switch rail is parameterized by cubic NURBS curve. An optimization model for trajectory point pose is developed, with the normal stiffness performance index of the milling operation as the optimization objective. Meanwhile, considering the constraints of robot joint continuity, a pose planning model for robot milling trajectory attitude is established. On this basis, the robot's milling speed is planned using an S-shaped curve algorithm. Finally, simulation and experiments are conducted for verification. The results show that this method can effectively control the trajectory of the robot, address the issue of “over-cutting” and “tool jumping” in the convex-included angle area through the inserted transition curve, and achieve a smoother tip profile of the switch rail after processing, meeting the manufacturing requirements of the switch rail.
在MATLAB软件中编写S型曲线算法程序,设定最大速度为10 mm · s—1,最大加速度为10 mm · s—2,最大加加速度为30 mm · s—3,插补周期为0.001 s。第1段轨迹的起始速度为0,末端速度为5 mm · s—1,对其进行速度规划仿真,机器人末端位置、速度、加速度和加加速度规划结果如图18所示。由于第1段轨迹与机器人基坐标系的Z轴平行,因此插补点的X坐标和Y坐标不变,图中位置曲线为插补点在机器人基坐标系下的Z坐标值。速度曲线仅表示速度大小变化,与速度方向无关。由图18可知:该段轨迹对应的S型曲线由7段组成,机器人末端在运动过程中速度和加速度连续,机器人末端刀具运动平滑稳定。
在MATLAB/SIMULINK软件中对整个铣削轨迹进行速度规划。设定铣削轨迹始末速度为零,最大加速度为10 mm · s—2,最大加加速度为30 mm · s—3以及插补周期为0.001 s,仿真运动过程如图22所示。图中蓝色轨迹为机器人末端运动轨迹,即机器人铣削尖轨端面的铣削轨迹。
在机器人基坐标系下,机器人末端位置随时间变化如图23(a)—(c)所示,由于铣削轨迹平面与Y轴垂直,机器人末端位置的Y坐标值始终不变。机器人末端速度和加速度变化如图23(d)—(e)所示,总规划时间为80.556 s,铣削轨迹的速度在5~10 mm · s—1之间变化,且速度能够平稳过渡。机器人末端在曲线段上以5 mm · s—1匀速运动,在直线段上进行加速、减速运动,规划结果符合S型曲线的特性。机器人各关节角度变化曲线如图23(f)所示,在整个规划过程中,机器人运动连续,机器人末端速度和加速度无突变,验证了本文规划方法的有效性。
3.2 试验
试验装置如图24所示,主要由珞石XB-25工业机器人、机器人示教器、机器人控制柜、盈连科技RCD-E800D电主轴、工作台等部件组成。铣削对象为12#尖轨端面廓形;尖轨通过永磁吸盘固定,永磁吸盘通过压铁固定在工作台上;刀具类型为1.5 mm的四刃圆角铣刀,主轴转速为21 000 r · min—1。分别使用机器人示教方法和本文提出的铣削轨迹规划方法进行加工,观察加工后的尖轨端面。
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