To investigate the mechanical characteristics and structure optimization of the cantilever steel anchor box structure of the main girder of the long span rail-cum-road steel-concrete slab-truss cable-stayed bridge, taking the steel anchor box of the Hongqili Grand Bridge with a span of 808 m as the engineering background, the stress analyses on the main plates and welds for the three design schemes, force transferring characteristics of the anchor box joints of the recommended scheme, and the parametric analysis on the forces of the steel anchor box were carried out based on the simulation analysis. The results show that the maximum stress of main plates in the scheme with larger anchor box size and stiffeners on the top and bottom plates is 300 MPa, which is less than the other two schemes. And the maximum stress and stress non-uniformity coefficient of the six welds are better, so it is determined as the final design scheme. The cable force is firstly transmitted evenly from the anchor pad plate directly to the top plate, bottom plate, inner web and outer web of the steel anchor box. Finally, the bottom plate, inner web, and outer web of the side chord bear 22.2%, 46.4%, and 31.4% of the cable force, respectively. About 66.71%, 9.72%, 9.32%, 9.68%, and 4.56% of the vertical component of cable force are transferred through the tilted belly poles of auxiliary truss, the side chords of the near pylons, the side chords of the far pylons, the concrete deck, and the node crossbeam, respectively. The stresses of the plates decrease with the increasing thickness of the top and bottom plates. The increase of the length of the top and bottom plates deep into the side chords can reduce the peak stress of the welds between the bottom plate and the inner web. The decrease of the distance between the top and bottom plates reduces the stress of the contact area between the inner and outer webs and the top and bottom plates and the anchor pad plate. It is reasonable for the thickness of top and bottom plates selecting 44 mm, the length of anchor box top and bottom plates deep into side chords choosing 1 800 mm, and the spacing between top and bottom plates adopting 660 mm.
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