To assess the quality of field observation data and detect gross errors, a generalized algorithm for searching misclosures is proposed. First, based on adjustment theory, the number of independent misclosures in all sorts of triangulations for high-speed railway tunnels is determined, considering the numbers of survey stations, non-station points and observations. The principle for constituting the simplest misclosure is established, based on which the cosine and sine misclosures are proposed. A computation model for the misclosure tolerance is derived, and a method for detecting gross errors in observations using misclosures is established. Next, the mathematical relationship is derived between the misclosure increment and the number of overlapping observation points resulting from a station increment. The bi-directional many-to-many topological relations are established between stations and nodes using a data structure, and based on a divide-and-conquer approach, an increment algorithm with dual loops for queue-station relations is proposed to automatically search for the simplest and independent misclosures. Finally, the algorithm is tested by an example of hybrid triangulation network constructed in a high-speed railway tunnel in southwest China. The results indicate that the incremental algorithm can automatically determine 100% of the simplest independent misclosures and detect 100% of the gross errors existed in observations, which validates the effectiveness in searching for misclosures and detecting gross errors by the proposed algorithm.
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