Railway Engineering Research Institute, China Academy of Railway Sciences Corporation Limited, Beijing 100081, China
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文章历史+
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Published
2023-05-15
2024-05-01
Issue Date
2026-07-13
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摘要
随着高速铁路隧道运营速度不断增大,隧道空气动力学问题日益凸显。为此,首先调研整理国内外典型高速铁路隧道音爆案例,并在国内某隧道开展一系列实车测试试验,分析200,250和300 km · h—1 3个典型速度条件下隧道内初始压缩波压力梯度与洞口微气压波峰值变化规律,并对比不同斜井启闭条件下的辅助泄压缓解效果。结果表明:音爆现象主要发生在长度大于5.0 km隧道;当列车速度低于300 km · h—1时,测试隧道内初始压缩波压力梯度峰值与隧道洞口微气压波峰值相对较小,此时压缩波未发生激化,测试隧道洞口未监测到音爆;当列车速度达到300 km · h—1及以上时,压缩波发生激化,初始压缩波压力梯度峰值与洞口微气压波峰值分别超过90 kPa · s—1,150 Pa,此时在测试隧道洞口监测到明显音爆现象;相同速度条件下,不同动车组通过测试隧道时隧道内初始压缩波压力梯度峰值与洞口微气压波峰值存在一定差异,CRH380系列动车组测试数据低于CR400系列动车组;开启斜井能够缓解压力梯度及微气压波峰值,但开启压力梯度峰值达到最大值位置之前的斜井缓解效果更好,而同时开启隧道进口、出口处2个斜井对于压力梯度峰值缓解率最大可达到27.5%。
Abstract
With the increasing operational speed of high-speed train tunnels, tunnel aerodynamic effects and its side effects become prominent. A survey of domestic and international cases of sonic boom was first conducted. Afterwards, a set of full-scale tests were carried out in the test tunnel to investigate the basic variation laws of initial pressure gradient of the compression wave and amplitude of micro-pressure wave at the tunnel portal under three typical speeds at 200 km · h-1, 250 km · h-1, and 300 km · h-1. A comparison was also made of the alleviation effects of auxiliary pressure relief under different conditions of inclined shaft. Research declares major findings as: 1) Sonic boom mainly occurs in tunnels longer than 5.0 km. The peak value of the initial pressure gradient produced by the compression wave and the maximum value of micro-pressure wave are relatively smaller and increase slowly when the train speed is below 300 km/h, indicating that the compression wave has not been intensified, and no sonic boom was detected at the test tunnel portal. Once the train speed reaches 300 km · h-1 or above, the compression wave will be steepened. Peak values of the initial pressure gradient and micro-pressure wave exceed 90 kPa · s-1 and 150 Pa, respectively. In such condition, noise produced by the sonic boom is observed; 2) For the same speed level, peak values of the initial pressure gradient and micro-pressure wave are different due to the train type. Measurements obtained from CRH380 high-speed train tests are found to be relatively lower than those derived from CR400 high-speed train tests; 3) Peak values of the initial pressure gradient and micro-pressure wave can be reduced by opening the inclined shaft. Opening the inclined shaft can alleviate the wavefront gradient and the peak micro-pressure wave, but it is more effective to open the inclined shaft before the position where the peak pressure gradient reaches its maximum value. According to the test results, the maximum alleviation effect reaches 27.5% when the two inclined shafts at the tunnel entrance and exit are opened simultaneously.
针对以上缓解措施,国内外诸多学者开展了一系列研究。骆建军等[11-12]采用动模型试验与数值模拟结合的方法,研究了横通道数量、间距对微气压波缓解效果的影响。基于比例尺为1∶127的动模型试验与数值模拟,Miyachi等[13-15]先后研究了洞口地形地势、缓冲结构开孔型式以及列车鼻部长度对微气压波峰值的影响规律。Kim等[16-17]基于理论分析与比例尺为1∶64的动模型试验,研发了新式缓冲结构,试验结果表明在250 km · h—1速度条件下,该缓冲结构的最大缓解率可达78%。骆建军等[18]、刘堂红等[19]、王田天等[20]分别针对隧道洞口不同缓冲结构型式、竖井设计参数下的微气压波幅值规律开展了一系列研究,计算了不同缓冲结构与竖井参数下的微气压波缓解率。此外,Wang等[21]与Liu等[22]分析了隧道内温度、气压等环境因素,对洞口微气压波及洞内压力波动的影响。综上,国内外学者针对高速铁路隧道空气动力学效应开展了大量研究,在压力波在隧道内的传播机理、微气压波缓解措施等方面已有了较为扎实的研究基础。然而,目前国内外对于高速铁路隧道音爆问题的关注度不高,尚未开展系统性的研究,更缺乏全尺寸实车试验数据支撑。
根据测试内容共规划6个测试工况,见表4。其中,工况1—工况3为基准工况,列车速度级分别为200,250以及300 km · h—1,由此得到不同速度级下初始压缩波的传播特性及峰值变化规律;工况4—工况6为对比工况,为动车组以300 km · h—1速度通过单独开启斜井1#、单独开启斜井2#以及同时开启2个斜井进行辅助泄压工况,以工况3为基准工况,对比得到辅助泄压缓解效果。需要说明的是,每个测试工况对应的速度级下包含多个实际列车速度,覆盖多种测试车型,在测试结果分析分布将分别针对列车速度、车型因素进行讨论。
3 测试结果分析
3.1 隧道洞内气动压力及压力梯度
图5为工况1至工况3中,CRH380BL型动车组通过测试隧道时洞内12 km测点处初始压缩波的气动压力及压力梯度。由图5可知:对于12 km测点处,气动压力与压力梯度峰值随着列车速度的增大而显著增加,200 km · h—1速度级时气动压力峰值约0.40 kPa,压力梯度峰值约1.30 kPa · s—1,250 km · h—1速度级时气动压力峰值约0.51 kPa,压力梯度峰值约4.00 kPa · s—1,300 km · h—1速度级时气动压力峰值约0.79 kPa,压力梯度峰值约26.1 kPa · s—1。
当动车组速度在200~250 km · h—1区间内时,气动压力峰值与压力梯度峰值增幅有限,随着列车速度的进一步增加,压力梯度峰值在250~300 km · h—1区间内出现了激增。这主要是由于无砟隧道内轨面各处相对光滑,对于声波的能量吸收作用较弱。随着初始压缩波在隧道内传播距离不断增加,波后的传播速度逐渐大于波前,隧道长度由此压力波波形不断变陡,压力梯度随之不断增大,由此发生激化。当初始压缩波传播到一定距离后(约11 km处),压力梯度达到最大并开始逐渐降低。
表5为工况1至工况3中隧道进口外微气压波峰值及噪声。由表5可知:当动车组车速为200和250 km · h—1时,微气压波峰值增幅较小;当动车组进一步提速至300 km · h—1后,微气压波峰值增加显著,最大值超过150 Pa,并在隧道洞口监测到明显音爆现象,音爆发生时洞口外噪声均在130 dB以上。
同一工况对应的速度级包含多个实际列车速度,将相同工况中列车速度相近的多次试验所得微气压波测试值进行平均,由此得到的微气压波平均峰值能够较好地反映该速度级下的微气压波测量值。图9为动车组以300 km · h—1速度级通过不同斜井启闭状态下的隧道时,测试隧道出口外10,20和50 m的微气压波平均峰值。由图9可知:在相同条件下,斜井的开启对洞口微气压波能够起到一定缓解作用,单独开启斜井1#时洞口微气压波最小,单独开启斜井2#和同时开启2处斜井的洞口微气压波基本相同,这与压力梯度峰值缓解效果一致。
4 结论
(1)当列车运行速度超过300 km · h—1后,长度在5.0 km以上的高速铁路隧道易发生音爆现象。随着列车速度增加,隧道洞口微气压波峰值增幅显著,音爆发生概率随之增大,发生音爆时隧道洞口未计权噪声均超过130 dB。
(2)测试结果表明,200~250 km · h—1速度级下,压力梯度峰值与微气压波峰值随着列车速度的增加增幅缓慢,压缩波未发生激化,未发生音爆;列车达到300 km · h—1速度级后,压力梯度峰值以及微气压波峰值激增,压力梯度峰值最大值出现在距离测试隧道进口约11.0 km处,达到90 kPa · s—1以上,洞口10 m处微气压波幅值超过150 Pa,此时音爆现象明显。
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