1.Energy Saving & Environmental Protection & Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, China Academy of Railway Sciences Corporation Limited, Beijing 100081, China
2.Science and Information Department, China Academy of Railway Sciences Corporation Limited, Beijing 100081, China
3.Key Laboratory of Underwater Environment, Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
In order to study the effects of flow field structures on the aerodynamic noise of pantograph, the numerical calculation of the flow field structure and aerodynamic field of high-speed pantograph is carried out by detached eddy simulation and FW-H equation. The differences of flow field characteristics, vortex structure and aerodynamic noise characteristics in two conditions of plane and concave boundaries are compared and analyzed, which provide reference for aeroacoustic optimization and simulation prediction of the local structure. The results indicate that the boundary forms can modify the local flow field obviously, and thus the velocity and vorticity fields are varied remarkably. Compared with the plane-boundary case, the scale of the vortices gets increased and the vortex structure becomes relatively orderly in the concave-boundary case. The sound pressure level of the pantograph surface is relatively low with the concave boundary condition, and the aerodynamic noise energy is mainly distributed in the low frequency band within 500 Hz. According to the features of Lamb vector divergence distribution, it is thought the type of aerodynamic source keeps unchanged for various boundary conditions, but the aerodynamic source is comparatively weak in the concave-boundary case. And the comparison of helicity distributions between the two cases implies that the flow field modified has an impact on turbulent energy transfer and efficiency of conversion into sound energy.
受电弓区域噪声主要为空气动力噪声,由于受电弓的结构特点,高速气流流经受电弓区域时会因为杆件结构的阻碍产生流动分离和涡旋脱落等复杂流动现象,与此同时,气流对杆件结构表面产生力的作用,从而形成气动声源并向远场辐射空气动力噪声。中国铁道科学研究院利用基于波束形成的声源识别技术进行现场试验测试[1],结果表明动车组以350 km · h-1运行时受电弓区域噪声不可忽视,并且声屏障无法有效控制该气动声源对环境声质量的影响。受电弓降噪技术是目前降低高速铁路车外辐射噪声水平的研究焦点之一。
国内外学者通过数值计算、风洞试验以及现场试验等手段,在受电弓气动噪声源和辐射特性等方面开展广泛的研究。Lee等[2]指出受电弓底座区域、弓头区域和弓臂区域气动噪声的主要频率范围分别为60~400,600~800和1 000~2 000 Hz。Lauterbach等[3]进行风洞试验,研究雷诺数对受电弓气动噪声的影响,发现远场辐射噪声具有斯特劳哈尔数(Strouhal number,Sr)相似性。Tan等[4]利用大涡模拟(LES)结合FW-H方程对受电弓的涡旋结构和气动噪声特性进行研究,指出涡旋结构在空间上分布于底座区域、弓臂区域和弓头区域,其中底座、绝缘子、平衡杆、上下支撑臂部位的声强相对显著,声能约占受电弓区域总气动声能的92%。受电弓气动发声机理方面的研究认为,流场中涡旋结构是气动噪声产生的关键。Takaishi等[5]数值研究结果表明,气动噪声的频谱和辐射特性与相应位置的涡旋有很大关系。Ikeda等[6]研究了弓头及其支撑处的涡旋结构和气动声源,认为涡旋结构间的相互作用对噪声源的抑制效应取决于涡旋结构的特性。Yu等[7]对350 km · h-1速度条件下全尺寸DSA350型受电弓的气动噪声进行数值研究,认为流动分离、不稳定的尾流以及部件间的相互作用是产生气动噪声的原因,在大部分的圆柱形部件处产生伴有周期性涡脱落的风吹声,涡脱落的频率在0.2~5.0 kHz之间。石磊[8]发现受电弓表面偶极子气动噪声的声源分布位置与引起涡旋脱落的部位相吻合。
China Academy of Railway Sciences. Research Report on Comprehensive Test of Beijing-Shanghai High Speed Railway [R]. Beijing: China Academy of Railway Sciences, 2011. in Chinese
[3]
LEES A, KANGH M, LEEY B, et al. The Aero-Acoustic Analysis for Each Part of Double Arm Pantograph of High Speed Train [J]. Journal of Computational Fluids Engineering, 2015, 20 (2): 61-66.
[4]
LAUTERBACHA, EHRENFRIEDK, LOOSES, et al. Microphone Array Wind Tunnel Measurements of Reynolds Number Effects in High-Speed Train Aeroacoustics [J]. International Journal of Aeroacoustics, 2012, 11 (3/4): 411-446.
[5]
TANX M, YANGZ G, TANX M, et al. Vortex Structures and Aeroacoustic Performance of the Flow Field of the Pantograph [J]. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 2018, 432: 17-32.
[6]
TAKAISHIT, SAGAWAA, KATOC. Numerical Analysis of Aerodynamic Noise Emitted from a Pantograph Based on Non-Compact Green's Function [J]. Journal of Environment and Engineering, 2010, 5 (1): 84-96.
[7]
IKEDAM, MITSUMOJIT. Numerical Estimation of Aerodynamic Interference between Panhead and Articulated Frame [J]. Quarterly Report of RTRI, 2009, 50 (4): 227-232.
[8]
YUH H, LIJ C, ZHANGH Q. On Aerodynamic Noises Radiated by the Pantograph System of High-Speed Trains [J]. Acta Mechanica Sinica, 2013, 29 (3): 399-410.
[9]
石磊.圆柱杆件气动噪声仿生控制研究[D].长春:吉林大学,2013.
[10]
SHILei. Research on Control of Aerodynamic Noise of Circular Cylinder Using Bio-Inspired Method [D]. Changchun: Jilin University, 2013. in Chinese
TANXiaoming, YUZhen, TANXiaoxing, et al. Flow Field Structure and Aerodynamic Noise Source of High-Speed Train on Open Track and in Tunnel [J]. China Railway Science, 2021, 42 (1): 95-104. in Chinese
LIURundong, WANGYoubiao, PANYongchen. Numerical Simulation and Research on Aerodynamics and Aeroacoustics of 400 km·h-1 High-Speed Railway [R]. Beijing: China Academy of Railway Sciences Corporation Limited, 2023. in Chinese
PANYongchen, YAOJianwei, LIANGCe,et al. Analysis on Turbulence Characteristics of Vortex Structure in near Wake of High Speed Train [J]. China Railway Science, 2017, 38 (2): 83-88. in Chinese
[17]
WILLIAMSJ E F, HAWKINGSD L. Sound Generation by Turbulence and Surfaces in Arbitrary Motion [J]. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series A: Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 1969, 264 (1151): 321-342.
[18]
JACOBM C, BOUDETJ, CASALINOD, et al. A Rod-Airfoil Experiment as a Benchmark for Broadband Noise Modeling [J]. Theoretical and Computational Fluid Dynamics, 2005, 19 (3): 171-196.
[19]
HUNTJ C R, WRAYA A, EddiesMOIN P., Streams, and Convergence Zones in Turbulent Flows [C]// Center for Turbulence Research Proceeding of the Summer Program. California: Stanford University, 1988.
[20]
POWELLA. Theory of Vortex Sound [J]. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 1964, 36 (1): 177-195.
[21]
PANY C, YAOJ W, XUR, et al. Relations between Shear Flow and Vortices in the near Wake of a High Speed Train [J]. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit, 2022, 236 (5): 582-592.