基于实测轨道平顺性数据,采用车辆-轨道耦合动力仿真方法,综合考虑温度变化、列车荷载、徐变和沉降等因素的影响,进行400 km · h-1高速铁路连续梁桥徐变变形控制研究。结果表明:400 km · h-1高速列车车体垂向敏感波长为163 m,横向敏感波长为227 m;为保证轨道高低不平顺与车体垂向加速度的适应性,采用60 m中点弦测值控制轨道长波平顺性;车体垂向加速度与轨道高低不平顺之间呈线性相关;徐变与沉降为控制连续梁桥轨道长波平顺性的主要因素,支座位置处长波平顺性较差;400 km · h-1连续梁桥桥上线路允许桥梁自身总变形引起的车体垂向加速度阈值为0.822 m · s-2,400 km · h-1主跨不大于百米连续梁桥徐变变形阈值宜设为9.5 mm。
Abstract
Based on the measured track regularity data, the vehicle-track coupling dynamic simulation method was used to study the creep deformation control of 400 km · h-1 high-speed railway continuous girder bridge considering the influence of temperature change, train load, creep and settlement. The results show that the vertical sensitive wavelength of 400 km · h-1 high-speed train carbody is 163 m, and the transverse sensitive wavelength is 227 m. In order to ensure the adaptability of the longitudinal level irregularity of the track and the vibration acceleration of the carbody, the chord length of 60 m is used to control the long-wave irregularity of the track. There is a linear correlation between the vertical acceleration of the car body and the track longitudinal level irregularity. The creep and settlement are the main factors to control the long-wave ride comfort of continuous beam bridge. The long-wave ride comfort of bearing and mid-span is poor. The threshold of vertical acceleration of the car body caused by the total deformation of the 400 km · h-1 continuous girder bridge is 0.822 m · s-2. It is suggested that the creep deformation threshold value of the continuous girder bridge of 400 km · h-1 with main span not more than 100 m should be set at 9.5 mm.
高铁连续梁桥在我国铁路桥梁中占比较大[1]。风、温度等荷载组合作用下,不同跨径的连续梁桥桥面变形有所差异。尽管我国目前高速铁路最高运营速度为350 km · h-1,但已计划将400 km · h-1作为未来的发展方向[2-4]。列车以400 km · h-1通过连续梁桥时,温度、徐变及沉降变形可能诱发车辆-桥梁耦合异常振动,进而影响列车行驶安全性和舒适性[5]。
根据现行铁路桥梁设计规范,结构应力在各类荷载组合作用下需满足强度要求,同时在单一荷载作用下,结构变形也不应超过刚度限值。运营期间,不同跨径的连续梁桥往往受到多类荷载共同作用,荷载组合作用下产生的长波不平顺对列车运行品质产生综合影响,因此为保证行车安全舒适,应对连续梁桥变形严格控制。Gou等[6]基于车辆-轨道-桥梁动力耦合理论,探究了桥梁变形对车-轨-桥动力响应的影响,桥梁变形主要影响车辆竖向动力响应并引起列车产生额外低频振动。翟婉明等[7-8]考虑桥墩沉降引起的桥梁附加变形,建立车-轨-桥动力耦合模型,得到了桥墩沉降对轨道应力影响远大于列车荷载的结果。Ticona等[9]探究了温度对轨道-桥梁动力响应的影响,研究表明温度比列车荷载对车-桥动力响应影响更为显著。杨静静等[10]指出,通过对单个荷载作用桥梁变形进行限值无法实现对行车状态与轨道几何有效控制,应对多种荷载引起总静态变形进行控制。鉴于温度荷载具有明显的周期性特征,高芒芒等[11]指出,当桥墩沉降保持不变时,桥梁静态变形控制针对的是残余收缩徐变变形。由于中点弦测值与车体响应相关性较强,杨飞等[12]基于中点弦测法原理,探究了高速铁路轨道长波不平顺与车体垂向加速度相关关系,提出了250~350 km · h-1的轨道不平顺60 m弦测值控制标准。为保证高速列车400 km · h-1速度下安全平稳运行,高铁线路需满足高平顺性要求。杨吉忠等[13]探究了400 km · h-1高速铁路轨道不平顺敏感波长,提出400 km · h-1速度下的车体垂向敏感波长为86~136 m,横向敏感波长为136~195 m。TB 10082—2017《铁路轨道设计规范》提出了轨道静态长波高低不平顺验收标准,对于350,300和250 km · h-1无砟轨道线路静态高低长波不平顺,应分别以7,8和10 mm的60 m弦测值进行控制。李国龙等[14]基于中点弦测原理,提出了400 km · h-1高速铁路大跨桥梁轨道静态长波高低不平顺采用60 m弦长6 mm矢距差标准进行验收。
目前学者们主要通过车辆-轨道-桥梁动力耦合振动仿真评估连续梁桥刚度。但由于连续梁桥的荷载组合工况繁多,车-轨-桥动力仿真计算工作量大,难以对连续梁桥刚度进行全面评估,且针对400 km · h-1高速铁路连续梁桥徐变变形控制研究相对匮乏。为保障400 km · h-1列车行车性能,本文基于车辆-轨道耦合动力学理论得出400 km · h-1列车车体垂向加速度与轨道高低不平顺间的相关关系,提出一种基于桥梁静变形快速计算车体垂向加速度方法,研究在温度变化、列车荷载、徐变和沉降等因素影响下,典型连续梁桥的竖向变形特征及影响轨道长波平顺性的关键因素。考虑最不利桥墩沉降,基于桥梁静变形快速计算车体垂向加速度方法,给出不同荷载组合工况下400 km · h-1连续梁桥徐变变形阈值,并采用车辆-轨道-桥梁动力耦合仿真验证徐变变形阈值合理性,为主跨不大于百米连续梁桥设计提供参考。
1 400 km · h-1车体垂向加速度与轨道高低不平顺相关关系
1.1 400 km · h -1列车车体敏感波长
当轨道不平顺波长与车体敏感波长接近时,车体加速度与轨道不平顺相关性较好。文献[13]分析了400 km · h-1速度下的高速列车车体敏感波长,垂向与横向敏感波长范围分别为86~136和136~195 m,见表1。
采用CR450AF型动车组,选用某高铁无砟轨道区段实测轨道高低、轨向不平顺,进行车速为400 km · h-1的车辆-轨道动力耦合仿真,计算车体垂向和横向加速度,并对车体垂向和横向加速度进行功率谱分析。车体垂向和横向加速度的功率谱密度,如图1所示。由图1可见,车体垂向和横向敏感空间频率分别为0.006 1和0.004 4 Hz,取空间频率倒数可得车体垂向和横向空间敏感波长分别为163和227 m。
以H(ω)≥1为有效测量,60,70和80 m弦有效测量波长范围分别为40~120,46~140和53~160 m。文献[12]提出,为确保能够检测到列车车体敏感波长,弦长选择应尽可能涵盖车体敏感波长范围,因此建议300~350 km · h-1线路轨道静态长波不平顺采用有效测量波长范围为40~120 m的60 m弦中点弦测法测量。由1.1节可知,400 km · h-1车体垂向敏感波长为163 m,超出60 m弦有效测量波长范围,但考虑到现有200~350 km · h-1线路轨道长波不平顺管理采用60 m中点弦,为方便管理建议400 km · h-1线路轨道静态长波不平顺测量仍采用60 m弦长。
1.3 车体加速度与轨道不平顺相关关系
鉴于车辆-轨道检测技术在测量精度上具有局限性,实测轨道动态不平顺波长范围未完全涵盖CR450AF列车的车体敏感波长。基于车辆-轨道耦合动力学理论,叠加实测轨道随机不平顺和余弦型不平顺,开展400 km · h-1速度下车-轨动力耦合仿真分析,以确定车体垂向加速度和轨道高低不平顺的60 m中点弦测值之间的直线拟合关系,即
为得到400 km · h-1高速列车车体垂向加速度与轨道不平顺之间的拟合曲线斜率,依据400 km · h-1高速列车车体敏感波长,分别取波长为120,160与180 m高低不平顺,调整其幅值令其60 m弦测值分别为6,8,10,12,14和16 mm,不同波长下的部分轨道高低不平顺沿里程分布如图5所示。
TB 10621—2014《高速铁路设计规范》规定,列车通过桥梁时,各因素共同作用引起的车体垂向加速度不应大于1.3 m · s-2。桥上轨道不平顺包括轨道随机不平顺与桥梁附加变形,扣除由轨道随机不平顺引起车体垂向加速度,即为由桥梁自身总变形产生的车体垂向加速度限值。由于不同类型荷载相互组合后工况复杂繁多,本节采用1.3节提出的车体垂向加速度快速计算方法,计算不同组合工况下的车体垂向加速度,进而给出400 km · h-1连续梁桥徐变变形阈值。
考虑连续梁桥徐变、升温和边墩沉降最不利荷载工况,列车以350~450 km · h-1速度通过各跨连续梁桥,不同车速下列车垂向振动响应如图17所示。由图17可见:随着行车速度增大,车体垂向加速度逐渐增大;列车以400 km · h-1速度行驶于各跨连续梁桥时,车体垂向加速度均小于0.080 4g,列车垂向平稳性指标最大为2.12,不超平稳性Ⅰ级限值[20]。列车满足行车性能要求。表明连续梁桥徐变变形阈值设为9.5 mm较为合理。
4 结论
(1)通过车辆-轨道动力耦合仿真分析,400 km · h-1行车速度下,160 m波长高低不平顺引起的车体垂向加速度最大,该波长为列车车体垂向敏感波长。400 km · h-1高速铁路车体垂向加速度与轨道高低不平顺经200 m高通滤波后的60 m弦测值间的相关关系为a=0.008 66x+0.047 8。
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