Aluminothermic welding is widely used in switch welding, maintenance of existing rail lines, and emergency repairs of broken rails. However, it is challenging to measure temperature and material flow by experiment methods in the aluminothermic welding process due to its enclosed feature. To address this issue, a computational fluid dynamics method is adopted in this research. The k-ε turbulence model and volume of fluid method are used, and the gravity, buoyancy, surface tension and Marangoni effect of liquid metal are considered. The numerical model is established, the heat and mass transfer behavior of the pouring and cooling stages at different times are quantitatively analyzed. Solidification sequence is studied based on the phase distribution characteristics, providing basic data for optimizing the pouring system, constructing new flux composition, and developing new sand molds in the future. The numerical predicted results show that the air is entrained into the molten pool during pouring, with a pouring duration of approximately 11 s. It takes about 58 s for the joint to cool below the solidus line 1,641 K. When the pouring process begins, the maximum temperature difference is nearly 1,400 K, with the highest temperature at the rail bottom and the lowest at the rail head. As the pouring processes, the temperature at the rail head rises, the temperature at the rail waist first increases and then decreases, and the temperature at the rail bottom drops. In the final pouring stage, the temperature difference decreases, and the maximum temperature difference is about 400 K, with the highest temperature at the rail head and the lowest at the rail bottom. During cooling, the temperature at the rail head remains the highest, and the temperature at the rail bottom the lowest, resulting in solidification occurring sequentially from the rail bottom, through the rail waist, and to the rail head.
由于钢轨铝热焊过程的封闭性,焊接过程中的产热、传热及材料流动行为难以通过试验的方式进行测量。因此,可以采用计算机仿真的方法进行定量分析。何波等[13]利用生死单元技术和热-结构耦合功能,模拟出铝热焊动态温度场和动态残余应力场。Weiss等[14]采用流体体积(Volume of Fluid,VOF)法对不同形状坩埚中钢、渣及空气的多相流动进行了数值研究。高松福等[15]对钢液的浇注过程和冷却凝固过程进行数值模拟,提出了对焊接工艺的调整和优化方案,并进一步模拟了钢液在型腔中的流动顺序和焊后焊头温度分布情况[16]。Lima等[17]在模拟钢液浇注过程时,考虑了热力现象和材料相变的影响,对残余应力进行了仿真计算。Kewalramani等[18]认为将浇注高温钢液温度设定为2 473 K时,模拟计算结果与试验结果吻合最为良好。但是,目前的模型大多仅针对钢轨铝热焊进行了简单的整体过程仿真,没有考虑高温钢液的受力行为,并且缺乏对高温钢液浇注过程和冷却凝固过程中不同时刻的材料流动和温度变化情况的定量分析。
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