为制定合理的轮轨匹配等效锥度运用范围,避免高速车辆出现蛇行失稳现象,提出一种基于模态分析的轮轨匹配等效锥度合理运用限值确定方法。首先,基于车辆系统动力学理论,建立包含21个自由度的高速车辆系统横向动力学模型;其次,采用模态分析计算车辆系统模态参数(模态频率、阻尼比和振型),并提出基于最小模态距离的蛇行频率连续跟踪算法;然后,利用车辆系统模态最小阻尼比判断模态振型,对轮轨匹配等效锥度和速度进行协同变参计算,确定等效锥度运用限值;最后,从模态视角研究车体蛇行失稳的发生机制。结果表明:在广域轮轨匹配关系下,转向架蛇行失稳和车体蛇行失稳区域均具有清晰的边界,且二者不邻接;对于车体蛇行失稳而言,频率耦合不是唯一决定因素,频率耦合速度也是决定因素之一,当频率耦合发生在较高速度下时易发生车体蛇行失稳。采用该方法,确定所构建的高速车辆模型在350 km · h-1车速下的等效锥度运用限值为0.07~0.41。
Abstract
To establish a reasonable application range of wheel-rail contact equivalent conicity and avoid hunting instability of high-speed railway vehicles, a determination method for reasonable application limits of wheel-rail contact equivalent conicity based on modal analysis is proposed. Firstly, based on the vehicle system dynamics theory, a lateral dynamics model of high-speed vehicle system with 21 degrees of freedom is established. Secondly, modal analysis is used to calculate the modal parameters (modal frequency, damping ratio and modal shape) of the vehicle system, and a continuous tracking algorithm for hunting frequency based on minimum modal distance is proposed. Then, the minimum damping ratio of vehicle system modal is used to judge the modal shape, and the collaborative variable parameter calculation of wheel-rail contact equivalent conicity and speed is carried out to determine the application limits of equivalent conicity. Finally, the occurrence mechanism of carbody hunting instability is studied from the modal perspective. The results show that under the wide-area wheel-rail contact relationship, both the bogie hunting instability region and the carbody hunting instability region have clear boundaries and are not adjacent. For carbody hunting instability, frequency coupling is not the only determinant factor, and the frequency coupling speed is also a determinant factor. Carbody hunting instability is prone to occur when frequency coupling occurs at a higher speed. By using this method, the application limits of equivalent conicity of the high-speed railway vehicle model constructed in this paper at a speed of 350 km · h-1 are determined to be 0.07-0.41.
式中: M 为系统的质量(转动惯量)矩阵; C 和 K 分别为系统的阻尼和刚度矩阵; U 为系统状态向量;Δ S 为抗蛇行减振器等效纵向位移向量; P 为抗蛇行减振器与构架、车体运动相耦合的关联矩阵;mw,mb和mc分别为轮对、转向架和车体质量;Iwz,Ibz 和Icz 分别为轮对、转向架和车体绕z轴的转动惯量;Ibx 和Icx 分别为转向架和车体绕x轴的转动惯量。
首先,对速度和等效锥度进行等间隔变参设置(速度变化范围5~500 km · h-1、步长5 km · h-1;等效锥度变化范围0.010~0.505、步长0.005),依次计算各速度-等效锥度组合下的车辆系统最小阻尼比,得到系统最小阻尼比矩阵,并绘制速度-等效锥度-最小阻尼比三维等高线图,如图5(a)所示。
由图5可以看出:稳定状态区域占据大部分空间;车体与转向架的蛇行失稳区域均具有清晰的边界,且二者不邻接、被稳定区域间隔开;车体蛇行失稳主要发生在低锥度区域,且随着速度增大失稳对应的等效锥度区间缩小;转向架蛇行失稳主要发生在高锥度和高速区域,且随着速度增大失稳对应的等效锥度区间扩大;以350 km · h-1的速度为例,等效锥度适用范围为0.07~0.41。
基于提出的蛇行频率连续跟踪算法,计算得到高速车辆系统横向动力学模型在所有速度-等效锥度协同演化下的蛇行频率,并取模态振型中2个蛇行频率中的较大值进行统计分析。用密度图刻画车辆在3种状态下“蛇行频率-最小阻尼比”“蛇行频率-速度”的映射关系,如图6和图7所示。由图6和图7可以看出:对于车辆稳定状态而言,蛇行频率较为均匀地分布在0~5 Hz范围内,且较低蛇行频率(<1 Hz)对应的速度基本分布在100 km · h-1以下;对于车体蛇行失稳而言,蛇行频率均分布在3 Hz以下,且主要集中在1.0~1.5 Hz范围内,由图3的根轨迹和图4的振型可知车体上心滚摆和摇头模态的频率分布在该区间内,此外,失稳速度分布在100 km · h-1以上,且主要集中于100~200 km · h-1范围内;对于转向架蛇行失稳而言,蛇行频率主要分布在3~6 Hz范围内,且主要集中在5 Hz附近,此外,失稳速度分布在350 km · h-1以上,且速度越大失稳频段越宽。
(2)在广域轮轨匹配环境下,车体蛇行失稳区域与转向架蛇行失稳区域存在清晰边界,且二者被稳定状态区域隔开;基于最小模态阻尼分布可快速得到任意车辆参数下指定速度区间的轮轨匹配等效锥度运用限值,该限值对应的车辆系统线性稳定性边界可作为轮轨关系运维的外边界。采用本文方法,所构建的高速车辆模型在350 km · h-1车速下的等效锥度运用限值为0.07~0.41。
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