Tunnel aerodynamics remains a pivotal area of research in high-speed railway and tunnel engineering. Whether the results from short formation tests could accurately reflect the distribution of pressure extremes within tunnels has been one of the main concerns for scholars at home and abroad. This paper derives a quantitative relationship between the distribution of positive and negative pressure extremes on the tunnel wall and the length of the train formation and the tunnel pressure waves, based on the principle of pressure wave superposition. The theoretical deductions are verified by the numerical simulation results of different train formations with a speed of 300 km passing through a 2,088 m-long tunnel and different train formations with a speed of 350 km passing through a 1,000 m-long tunnel. The results of the study show that the length of train formation and Mach number have a significant effect on the longitudinal distribution of positive and negative pressure extremes in the tunnel, especially in locations where the positive and negative pressure occur. When the tunnel length fulfills specific criteria, the extreme values of positive and negative pressure of a target train passing through the tunnel can be estimated from the corresponding values obtained when a short train passes through the tunnel, and the formula for calculating the tunnel length is correlated with train length and Mach number.
国内外学者针对列车长度对高速列车隧道压力波的影响进行了一些试验和数值模拟研究。Ricco等[10]进行了一系列的动模型试验,发现不同长度列车通过隧道时,长列车导致压力第1次上升的持续时间相较于短列车来说更长,并且幅值更大。Martinez等[11]利用实车测试比较了2列形状相同但长度不同的列车通过隧道时车头压力的变化情况,发现长列车产生的初始压缩波峰值高于短列车。章磊[12]采用数值方法模拟了不同编组长度列车通过隧道时的瞬态流场,发现随着列车编组长度的增加,活塞效应会逐渐增强,导致隧道壁面不同位置测点压力差逐渐增大。Niu等[13]采用数值模拟方法研究了不同长度列车在最不利长度隧道和恒定长度隧道中通过和交会通过时的空气动力学特性,对比分析了列车和隧道壁面压力分布情况,讨论了列车长度对隧道内流场的影响。发现单列车通过和2列车交会通过最不利长度隧道和恒定长度隧道时,隧道壁面正负压力峰值和峰峰值随着列车长度的增加而增加。Liu等[14]采用非定常雷诺平均模拟方法(URANS)研究了短列车(8节编组)、长列车(16节编组)和重联列车(2列8节编组联挂)通过隧道时列车编组长度和形式对隧道和列车壁面压力变化的影响,发现编组长度对列车表面压力幅值有较大影响,对隧道壁面压力变化的影响随隧道内位置的变化而变化;并且发现列车通过隧道时,隧道壁面正负压力峰值和峰峰值随着列车长度的增加而增加,列车交会通过时列车表面正负压力峰值和峰峰值从车头至车尾持续减小。周丹等[15]采用滑移网格方法,模拟了不同编组长度的高速列车在明线交会、单列车通过最不利长度隧道以及在最不利长度隧道中等速交会的工况,发现列车在明线交会时,列车尾波幅值随着列车长度的增加逐渐减小;单列车通过隧道及在隧道内交会时,随着列车长度的增加,列车表面压力波变化规律基本不变,列车表面压力峰峰值逐渐增加。钟沙等[16]利用三维数值模拟方法模拟了不同编组长度(3节、8节和16节编组)列车在各自对应的最不利长度隧道中以400 km · h-1速度交会的工况,发现列车表面和隧道壁面瞬变压力峰峰值随着列车编组长度的增加而增加。赵凡等[17]利用数值模拟方法,探究了单列车驶入时隧道壁面压力波大小与列车编组长度之间的关系,根据计算结果对预测列车进入隧道时产生的最大压力波的经验公式进行了改进。Du等[18]利用三维数值模拟方法探究了列车编组长度对隧道壁面压力和隧道出口微压波的影响,发现8节编组列车通过时隧道壁面最大正负压力峰值远大于3节编组列车。
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