Most of the current research focuses on the dynamic response of intact tunnel linings with less attention paid to the dynamic response under the weakening effect on the tunnel lining structure in the presence of initial macroscopic cracks. To study the dynamic damage characteristics of tunnel lining with cracks, firstly, based on the plastic damage constitutive model, a macro-defect-external load coupled damage constitutive model considering material weakening is derived theoretically. The calculated tensile strength of concrete specimens at macroscopic damage degrees of 0, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 are compared with the test results to validate the constitutive model. The soil-tunnel-train interaction relationship is modeled using the stratigraphic-structural method, and an infinite element boundary is introduced to absorb the stress wave at the model boundary. By prefabricating cracks with depths of 3.5, 7.0 and 10.5 cm on the intact lining structure and adjusting the damage parameters in the model, the dynamic damage characteristics of the lining structure at different crack depths considering the weakening effect of the material are systematically studied. The results show that the maximum error between the theoretical calculations and experimental results of the derived intrinsic model is only 7.3 %, indicating the rationality of the model. At different crack depths, both vertical vibration acceleration and velocity show the pattern of arch top > side wall > inverted arch, which is positively correlated with the distance to the traveled way. Increasing the crack depth from 0 cm to 10.5 cm, the vertical vibration accelerations of the lining structure at the arch top, side wall and inverted arch increase by 8.4%, 2.7% and 5.3%, respectively; and the vertical vibration velocities increase by 15.1%, 17.1% and 16.7%, respectively. Increasing the crack depth from 0 cm to 10.5 cm, the peak maximum principal stresses increase by 22.3% and 15.5 % in the arch top and side wall, respectively, and decreases by 9.12% in the inverted arch. The peak maximum principal stresses at the arch top exceed that of the inverted arch at the crack depth of 3.5 cm, indicating that the dynamic stress response is affected by both the distance to the traveled way and the stress concentration due to initial macroscopic cracks. At three different crack depths, the degree of lining damage, considering material weakening, increases by 0.039, 0.130, and 0.165, respectively, compared to when it is not considered.
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