多年冻土区路基热融病害防控技术综述
Literature Review of Prevention and Control Technologies of Thermal Thawing Damage in Subgrades of Permafrost Regions
多年冻土退化及其引起的热融沉降是多年冻土区交通路基工程的主要病害。从热对流、热辐射、热传导、防排水角度,梳理多年冻土保护技术的工作机理、应用效果、存在问题、改进方案及新型措施。从热融病害严重部位的快速降温与补强处置角度,分析主动制冷措施的研发现状,并从设计、建造、运营角度讨论多年冻土保护技术的发展要点。我国近年来进一步发展提出了多类既有措施的改良方法与新型措施,形成了系统的多年冻土保护技术体系。在既有措施改良方面,从热对流角度提出了优化的碎/块石粒径、强制弥散式通风管、纵向装配式通风管、L型热棒等冷却强化方法,并正在完善块石结构清理、热棒检查与修复等运营期维护手段;从热辐射角度提出了高反射率路面、兼顾顶面反射率与底面发射率的遮阳板结构等优化方法;从热传导角度开发了路基临界高度、分离式路基、单向导热路面、高热阻填料等优化方法。在新型措施研发方面,推出了多孔对流型与相变蓄热型土工布、反射涂层、疏水厌冰涂层等新技术,以及泡沫混凝土隔热层、低放热性聚合物注浆等新方案。从补强与应急角度,正在发展具有主动制冷功能的快速降温手段,研发半导体制冷复合型全季热棒、吸附式制冷装置与压缩式制冷装置等新设备。从既有线提质改造与新建高等级线路角度,提出一方面应继续丰富针对多年冻土温度与水分要素的控制措施种类及调控水平,另一方面应根据多年冻土融沉和不同类型路面与轨道结构的伤损及不平顺之间的映射关系,明确多年冻土地基的沉降限值,构建分类分级的保护措施匹配及精细化设计方法,同时根据多年冻土热融导致的交通线路设施损毁类型,逐步建立更加完善的多年冻土保护体系。
Settlement caused by permafrost degradation and thawing is the primary damage for traffic subgrades in permafrost regions. This article reviews the working mechanism, application effects, existing issues, improvement strategies, and novel approaches of permafrost protection measures from the perspectives of thermal convection, thermal radiation, thermal conduction, thermal conduction, and waterproofing-drainage systems. From the standpoint of rapid temperature reduction and reinforcement treatment of severe thawing damage, the research status of active refrigeration measures is analyzed; key development directions for permafrost protection technology are discussed from the aspects of design, construction and operation. In recent years, China has further developed various improved methods for existing measures and put forward new measures, forming a systematic permafrost protection technology system. For the improvement of existing measures, thermal convection-based optimizations include gravel/block particle size, forced dispersion ventilation pipe, longitudinally assembled ventilation pipe, and L-shaped thermosyphon. Maintenance methods such as block stone structure cleaning, and thermosyphon inspection/repair are being improved. Thermal radiation-based enhancements involve high-reflectivity pavement and sunshade structures balancing top-surface reflectivity with bottom-surface emissivity. Thermal conduction-related advancements encompass subgrade critical height, separated subgrade, unidirectional heat-conducting pavement, and high-thermal resistance fillers. Regarding the research of new measures, novel technologies such as porous convective geotextiles, phase change thermal storage geotextiles, reflective coatings, hydrophobic and ice resistant coatings, as well as new schemes such as foam concrete insulation layer and low exothermic polymer grouting have been introduced. In terms of reinforcement and emergency, rapid cooling and active refrigeration are being developed, and new equipment such as semiconductor-refrigerated all-season thermosyphons, adsorption refrigeration devices and compression refrigeration devices are being developed. To address existing line upgrades and new high-standard railway construction, this research proposes to expand the diversity and precision of temperature-moisture control measures; on the other hand, based on the mapping relationship between permafrost thawing settlement and irregularity of different types of pavement and track structures, the settlement limit of permafrost foundation should be defined, and the classification of protection measures matching and design methods should be constructed. At the same time, regarding the damage patterns of traffic line facilities caused by permafrost thawing, an enhanced permafrost protection system should be progressively established.
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(42001059)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52172347)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52178340)
中央引导地方科技发展资金项目(226Z5402G)
河北省自然科学基金资助项目(E2023210064)
河北省自然科学基金资助项目(24465001D)
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