Microstructural properties such as grain topology, size, and orientation of rail materials have a significant effect on early rolling contact fatigue (RCF) crack evolution. To analyze the influence of grain structure on RCF cracks, a microscopic model reflecting the geometric structure and orientation of grains in U75V rail materials was established based on crystal plasticity theory and the Voronoi principle. The model was further enhanced by modified cohesive elements to forge a link between the microstructure of the material and fatigue damage, facilitating the simulation of RCF crack evolution at the microscopic scale and establishing a microscopic RCF crack evolution model for rails. Based on this model, the effects of rail microstructure on the initiation locations and propagation paths of surface RCF cracks under cyclic loading were investigated. The results show that under cyclic loading, RCF cracks mostly initiate at grain boundaries. While the microcrack initiation locations and lifetimes exhibit randomness, the initiation locations show a tendency to be concentrated in specific regions. The growth rate of RCF cracks varies across different stages, with the increase of growth length, the overall trend of early slow late gradually become faster, which can be divided into stages I and II. Stage I is the initiation stage, where microcracks propagate over a length equivalent to several grain sizes. The crack growth behavior during this stage is mainly governed by the grain orientation and the interaction between grain boundaries, and the crack growth rate is around 0.002 5 μm · r-1, which is lower than the crack growth expansion rate of 0.010 3 μm · r-1. When the microcracks that are closely spaced at the initiation position are attracted to each other and polymerize during the growth process to form a new crack, they enter into stage II. The growth behavior of new cracks is mainly governed by external loading, and the crack growth rate increases significantly to 0.018 7 μm · r-1. The simulated crack morphology matches the structure observed in the twin-disc test.
晶体塑性理论是在微观结构尺度上研究材料变形的常用方法[10],该方法以位错滑移为主要变形机制,可以在微观尺度上准确描述材料的弹塑性变形行为。然而,当前学者们主要关注对材料本身变形行为的描述,提出了一系列针对研究材料的本构模型,对材料在不同荷载下的变形行为进行了大量研究[11-13],但对晶体塑性理论与RCF损伤相结合的研究较少。Pandkar等[14]研究了金属材料微观结构对RCF损伤积累在空间和时间速率方面的影响;Vijay等[15-16]提出了一种采用损伤力学-内聚单元耦合的方法(Damage Mechanics-Cohesive Element Method,DM-CEM)模拟轴承载荷作用下多晶材料的RCF裂纹萌生和扩展,进而研究轴承的失效特征;Ghodrati等[17-18]建立了一种基于晶体塑性有限元研究RCF裂纹的仿真框架,分析了牵引系数、温度变化、最大接触压力和晶粒尺寸等不同参数对RCF裂纹的影响;Wang等[19]在微观层面上评估了齿轮RCF性能,并研究了夹杂物对损伤积累的影响。这些研究主要集中于滚动轴承和齿轮领域,通过考虑材料的晶粒尺寸和取向的随机分布,建立材料晶粒模型,然后使用不同的疲劳模型分析晶粒模型中的疲劳损伤演化。然而金相观测表明[9],钢轨材料在经过热处理后,材料的晶粒取向和尺寸等这些参数不再满足随机分布,而这些参数又会影响材料的局部应力场,对RCF裂纹的早期演化行为起着关键作用,仍需一种方法能综合反映真实材料的晶粒尺寸、取向以及晶界等因素对RCF裂纹演化的影响。
本文首先基于晶体塑性理论,模拟钢轨材料微观晶粒的变形行为;然后对不同循环荷载次数下的钢轨材料晶粒演变特征进行统计分析,应用Voronoi原理提出了一种基于电子背散衍射(Electron Back Scatter Diffraction,EBSD)观测结果的材料真实微观结构建模方法;最后通过在晶粒内部和晶界处引入零厚度内聚力单元模拟材料微观结构对裂纹的影响,并结合多轴疲劳准则(Jiang-Sehitoglu,J-S)模型模拟内聚力单元的疲劳损伤累计,实现RCF裂纹萌生扩展与材料微观结构的相互作用。研究结果为理解钢轨表面RCF的机制,预测RCF裂纹演化提供参考。
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