1.Railway Science and Technology Research & Development Center, China Academy of Railway Sciences Corporation Limited, Beijing 100081, China
2.Wheel-Rail System Laboratory, National Engineering Research Center of System Technology for High-Speed Railway and Urban Rail Transit, Beijing 100081, China
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文章历史+
Received
Published
2024-03-07
2025-03-01
Issue Date
2026-07-13
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摘要
轮轨界面在低温+雪等复杂环境中,高速轮轨黏着特性将受到显著影响,进而影响列车运行的安全性和稳定性。针对这一问题,提出高速轮轨关系试验台轮轨界面低温+雪条件下的黏着试验方法,研究轮轨接触界面分别喷0和-2 ℃雪条件下的黏着特性,并通过分析雪与水的物态变化探讨黏着系数下降的原因。结果表明:低温环境下在轮轨界面喷0 ℃雪时,黏着系数随速度的增加呈先快速下降后缓慢下降的趋势,特别是在50~120 km · h-1速度范围内黏着系数的下降幅度高达68%;与喷0 ℃雪相比,喷-2 ℃雪条件下的黏着系数高1倍左右;在50~120 km · h-1速度范围内,喷2 ℃水与0 ℃雪条件的黏着系数有较好的一致性,意为在此速度和温度范围内水与雪对黏着系数的影响较为相似;喷雪条件下,300 km · h-1速度时纵向蠕滑率超过0.6%后黏着力系数随纵向蠕滑率的增加出现剧烈波动,具有很大的不稳定性;低温+雪条件下雪-水-冰的物态变化及其在轮轨接触压应力作用下的转化机制对黏着系数具有显著影响。
Abstract
The adhesion characteristics of high-speed wheel-rail systems are significantly affected by complex environments such as low temperatures and snow, which in turn impact the safety and stability of train operations. Regarding this issue, a novel cryogenic snow adhesion testing methodology is proposed using a high-speed wheel-rail interface test rig to investigate adhesion behaviors of the wheel-rail contact interface under 0 ℃ and -2 ℃ snow spraying conditions, respectively. The underlying mechanisms of adhesion coefficient degradation are systematically analyzed through phase transitions between snow, water, and ice. The results indicate that under low-temperature conditions, when 0 ℃ snow is sprayed on the wheel-rail interface, the adhesion coefficient decreases rapidly at first and then gradually with increasing speed. Notably, within the speed range of 50 - 120 km · h-1, the adhesion coefficient decreases by up to 68%. Compared to 0 ℃ snow, the adhesion coefficient of the wheel-rail interface sprayed with -2 ℃ snow is approximately twice as high. Additionally, the study finds that within the speed range of 50 - 120 km · h-1, the adhesion coefficients for wheel-rail interfaces sprayed with 2 ℃ water and 0 ℃ snow are relatively similar, indicating that water and snow have comparable effects on the adhesion coefficient within this speed and temperature range. When snow is sprayed on the wheel-rail interface, the longitudinal creepage exceeds 0.6% at a speed of 300 km · h-1, and the adhesion force exhibits significant fluctuations with increasing creepage, indicating considerable instability. The phase changes of snow, water and ice in low-temperature and snow environments and their conversion mechanisms with the wheel-rail contact compressive stress significantly influence the adhesion coefficient.
随着我国高速铁路网的建设,轮轨系统运行的稳定性和安全性成为铁路技术研究的重点之一。轮轨黏着特性作为确保列车安全运行的基础性因素,其研究具有重要的理论意义和应用价值。轮轨摩擦副由于长期裸露在复杂多变的环境中,不可避免地会遭受雨、雪、冰、污油等“第三介质”的污染,这些污染源对轮轨黏着特性的影响不容忽视。我国高速铁路无砟轨道上运行的动车组在降中雪时限速为250 km · h-1及以下,降大雪或暴雪时限速为200 km · h-1及以下[1]。雪作为轮轨界面冬季常见的第三介质,在轮轨表面形成的液态或半液态层将显著降低轮轨间的直接接触面积,进而导致黏着系数的下降。这不仅增加列车运行中车轮的空转或打滑概率,延长制动距离,甚至可能导致列车冒进信号,还可能引起车轮滚动接触疲劳裂纹的快速发展,影响列车运行的安全性和经济性。
利用1∶1高速轮轨关系试验台对高速轮轨在低温+雪环境中的黏着特性进行了研究,环境温度为0 ℃,并模拟喷洒0 ℃左右的雪,得到不同速度时的黏着特性曲线如图2所示。从图2可以看出:50 km · h-1速度时,在小蠕滑率(小于0.14%)的情况下黏着力系数随纵向蠕滑率的增加呈近似线性增加,当纵向蠕滑率为0.31%时黏着力系数达到最大值即黏着系数为0.068,超过该黏着饱和点后(纵向蠕滑率约为0.31%)黏着力系数随纵向蠕滑率的增加而逐渐降低,这一结果表明低速条件下随纵向蠕滑率的增加黏着力系数先增大后减小,存在1个最佳蠕滑率使得黏着力系数最大;80,100,120和200 km · h-1速度时,黏着特性曲线与50 km · h-1速度时相似,80 km · h-1速度时黏着系数为0.041,100 km · h-1速度时为0.037,120 km · h-1速度时为0.032,200 km · h-1速度时为0.022,表明随着速度的增加黏着系数逐渐下降;300 km · h-1速度时,在小蠕滑率(小于0.26%)的情况下黏着力系数随纵向蠕滑率的增加也呈近似线性增加,当纵向蠕滑率为0.26%时黏着力系数达到最大值即黏着系数为0.018,而当纵向蠕滑率超过0.6%时黏着力系数随纵向蠕滑率的增加出现剧烈波动,最大值可达到0.06~0.07,具有很大的不稳定性,这一结果表明在高速条件下随纵向蠕滑率的进一步增加黏着力系数测试结果呈现出较大的不稳定性。
2.2 喷-2 ℃雪条件下
100 km · h-1速度时轮轨界面喷-2 ℃雪条件下的黏着特性曲线如图3所示。从图3可以看出:在小蠕滑率(小于0.11%)的情况下,黏着力系数随纵向蠕滑率的增加呈近似线性增加;当纵向蠕滑率为0.4~0.8%时,黏着力系数达到最大值为0.065,这表明在此速度和粗糙度条件下的黏着系数为0.065;超过黏着饱和点后(纵向蠕滑率大于0.8%),黏着力系数随纵向蠕滑率的增加逐渐降低。
200 km · h-1速度时轮轨界面喷-2 ℃雪条件下的黏着特性曲线如图4所示。从图4可以看出:在纵向蠕滑率小于0.14%的情况下,黏着力系数随纵向蠕滑率的增加呈近似线性增加;当纵向蠕滑率为0.3%时,黏着力系数达到最大值0.047,表明在此蠕滑率下轮轨黏着力达到饱和状态;超过黏着饱和点后(纵向蠕滑率大于0.3%),黏着力系数随纵向蠕滑率的增加逐渐降低,并伴有轻微的震荡,这种黏着力系数的震荡将对列车的安全性和稳定性产生负面影响,因此在实际应用中应予以关注。
300 km · h-1速度时轮轨界面喷-2 ℃雪条件下的黏着特性曲线如图5所示。从图5可以看出:当纵向蠕滑率小于0.11%时,黏着力系数随纵向蠕滑率的增加呈近似线性增加;当纵向蠕滑率为0.22%时,黏着力系数达到最大值0.034;超过这一蠕滑率后黏着力系数开始下降;当纵向蠕滑率大于0.22%时,黏着力系数随纵向蠕滑率增加震荡加剧,震荡范围在0.02~0.05之间,有时甚至会更大,这种震荡现象是由于有雪环境下轮轨表面雪粒子、水滴或冰晶的随机分布以及温度变化等因素导致的,将对高速列车的安全性和稳定性产生影响,因此在实际应用中也需要重点加以考虑和应对。
2.3 喷0与-2 ℃雪条件下黏着系数对比
轮轨界面喷0与-2 ℃雪条件下的黏着系数对比结果如图6所示。从图6可以看出:喷0 ℃雪条件下,黏着系数在50 km · h-1速度时为0.062左右,其后随速度的增加黏着系数快速下降,在50~120 km · h-1速度范围内黏着系数下降显著,且在120 km · h-1速度时只有0.02左右、下降约68%,但在120~300 km · h-1速度范围内黏着系数随速度的增加下降不明显;喷-2 ℃雪条件下,黏着系数随速度的提高也有下降的趋势,但与0 ℃雪条件相比,-2 ℃雪条件下的黏着系数高1倍左右,这是由于低温条件下雪的硬度增大,从而提高了黏着系数,同时低温条件下雪的融化速度减慢,也有助于提高黏着系数。
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