3.Key Laboratory of Traffic Safety on Track, Ministry of Education, School of Traffic & Transportation Engineering, Central South University, Changsha Hunan 410075, China
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2024-09-22
2025-03-01
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2026-07-13
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摘要
为评估400 km · h-1高速列车在设计速度350 km · h-1隧道条件下运行的适应性,采用三维数值模拟方法,对其在不同隧道长度下及不同运行速度下、隧道内通过和交会时车体表面不同测点处的压力进行时空分布特征研究,分析隧道长度和列车速度对交变压力载荷循环特征的影响规律。结果表明:400 km · h-1高速列车在隧道内通过或交会时,同一车厢不同测点的压力在时间和空间上表现出较为一致的规律,沿车体纵向和垂向测点的压力变化幅度差异均较小;单列车以400 km · h-1速度通过不同长度隧道时的等效压力载荷幅值和均值分别为1.9~2.6 kPa和-1.8~-2.4 kPa,而2列车在不同长度隧道内交会时则分别增大为4.7~7.0 kPa和-3.6~-5.4 kPa,且随列车运行速度的提高等效压力载荷幅值也大幅度提升;列车以300,350和400 km · h-1速度通过隧道时车体表面压力变化中幅值较大的载荷循环分别为4个半循环、2个半循环+1个全循环及2个半循环,而在隧道内交会时分别为4个半循环、2个半循环和2个半循环。
Abstract
To evaluate the operational adaptability of a 400 km · h-1 high-speed train under tunnel conditions designed for 350 km · h-1, a three-dimensional numerical simulation method was employed to investigate the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of train body surface pressure at different measurement points, under varying tunnel lengths and operating speeds, during tunnel passing and train meeting at 400 km · h-1. The influence law of tunnel length and train speed on the cyclic characteristics of alternating pressure loads was analyzed. The results indicate that when a 400 km · h-1 high-speed train passes through or crosses inside a tunnel, the pressure variations at different measurement points within the same carriage exhibit a relatively consistent pattern in both time and space, with minimal differences in pressure variation along the longitudinal and vertical directions of the train body. When a single train passes through tunnels of different lengths at 400 km · h-1, the amplitude and mean value of equivalent pressure loads range from 1.9 to 2.6 kPa and -1.8 to -2.4 kPa, respectively. However, when two trains cross inside tunnels with different lengths, these values increase to 4.7 to 7.0 kPa and -3.6 to -5.4 kPa, respectively. Furthermore, the equivalent pressure load amplitude significantly increases with higher train operating speeds. The dominant load cycles with larger amplitude for a train passing through a tunnel at speeds of 300, 350, and 400 km · h-1 are four half-cycles, two half-cycles plus one full cycle, and two half-cycles, respectively. For train crossing scenarios, the dominant load cycles are four half-cycles, two half-cycles, and two half-cycles, respectively.
高速铁路具有高效、快捷且环保的特点,其作用在现代交通系统中日益突显。为应对不断增长的运输需求,高速铁路的运行速度也在持续提升。自2021年起,我国启动了400 km · h-1速度等级高速列车的研制工作。然而,目前除少数高速铁路如成渝中线预留了提速至400 km · h-1的条件外,大部分既有线路的设计和建设最高速度均为350 km · h-1,因此,需要进一步研究在350 km · h-1速度等级既有线路上运行400 km · h-1高速列车的可行性和适应性[1]。
目前,关于400 km · h-1高速列车空气动力学的研究主要集中在减阻降噪方面[2],以达到400 km · h-1高速列车在节能和噪声控制方面的顶层设计要求[3]。然而,当高速列车通过隧道或在隧道内交会时,隧道与列车之间的空气压缩作用将引发压力波,导致隧道内压力急剧变化[4-6]。长期暴露在这种复杂的交变载荷下,列车车体结构和车窗玻璃的性能均受到影响[7]。目前,我国高速列车已经出现了一些疲劳问题,例如设备舱焊接支架开裂和安装座挡风板5083铝合金失效等[8]。尤其是随着400 km · h-1高速列车轻量化需求的增加,交变载荷对车体结构的影响将更加显著。因此,在对高速列车车体结构进行安全评估时,需要重点考虑隧道内交变气动载荷引起的疲劳损伤。相比于明线条件,高速列车在隧道内的空气动力效应更加复杂[9-10],已对此进行了大量研究。Chen等[11]研究了车头长度对高速列车车体表面压力波的影响。Schetz[12]探讨了列车运行速度对隧道内压力波动强度的影响。Ko等[13]研究了列车速度与气压波动峰值和阻塞比之间的关系。Hwang等[14]探讨了列车速度、线间距及阻塞比之间的相互关系。徐银光等[15]采用一维非定常不等熵模型研究了列车编组长度和运行速度对车体表面压力波特征的影响。Liu等[16]通过仿真计算,对比分析了不同编组列车通过隧道时的车体表面压力波特征及差异。钟沙等[17]研究了不同编组长度的列车在各自最不利长度隧道内等速交会时车体表面压力波峰值的变化。王志钧等[18]采用一维非定常不等熵湍流模型分析了隧道长度和净空面积对列车通过隧道及在隧道中部交会时压力波特性的影响。何德华等[19]通过实车试验研究了CRH2型动车组在隧道内交会时产生的隧道压力波特性,得到压力波峰值随隧道长度变化的规律。张雷等[20]探讨了线间距对列车表面压力、隧道壁面压力及列车交会时最大气动压力幅值的影响。Chu等[21]研究了隧道内列车交会位置对车体表面压力波的影响。由此可见,高速列车通过隧道或在隧道内交会时,列车头型、运行速度、编组长度、隧道长度、交会位置、阻塞比及线间距等参数对车体表面压力波幅值有显著影响。然而,当前研究主要集中于隧道内压力波幅值基本变化特征(最大值、最小值和峰峰值)变化规律及其影响因素,而对用于列车车体疲劳损伤研究的隧道交变气动载荷循环特征和分布情况的提取和研究相对较少。
本文考虑到我国高速铁路运行速度的不断提升,车体结构的疲劳强度面临更大的挑战,对400 km · h-1高速列车隧道内运行过程中压力变化的特征进行系统深入研究,分析不同运行速度和隧道长度下列车在隧道内通过及交会时车体表面压力变化的载荷循环特征和分布情况,为我国400 km · h-1高速列车车体结构的全寿命周期气动疲劳强度设计提供载荷依据。
不同运行速度下单列车通过隧道时车体表面压力变化的载荷循环分布如图18所示。从图18可以看出:随列车速度的提高,载荷循环的幅值显著提高;当列车以300 km · h-1通过隧道时,车体表面压力变化的主要载荷子循环包括4个半循环,幅值分别为1.40,1.31,1.08和1.07 kPa,对应的均值分别为-1.20,-1.28,-1.05和-1.07 kPa;在350 km · h-1速度下,车体表面压力变化的主要载荷循环包括2个半循环和1个全循环,半循环的压力幅值分别为1.88和1.76 kPa,对应的均值分别为-1.64和-1.76 kPa,而全循环的压力幅值和均值分别为0.62和-0.96 kPa;当列车速度达到400 km · h-1时,车体表面压力变化的主要循环载荷由2个半循环组成,幅值分别为2.48和2.33 kPa,对应的均值分别为-2.17和-2.33 kPa。
不同运行速度下2列车在各自最不利长度隧道内交会时车体表面压力变化的载荷子循环如图19所示。从图19可以看出:随着列车速度的增加,载荷幅值显著上升;当列车以300 km · h-1速度交会时,载荷子循环中压力幅值较大的包括4个半循环,幅值分别为3.53,3.37,2.28和1.63 kPa,对应的均值分别为-1.90,-2.06,-0.97和-1.63 kPa;以350 km · h-1速度交会时,幅值较大的载荷循环包含2个半循环,压力幅值分别为5.03和4.50 kPa,对应的均值分别为-2.70和-3.23 kPa;当列车速度提升至400 km · h-1时,载荷循环的幅值最高,其中2个半循环的压力幅值分别为6.83和5.49 kPa,对应的均值分别为-3.65和-4.99 kPa。
3 结 论
(1)列车在隧道内通过或交会时,车厢不同测点的压力变化在时间和空间上基本一致。列车以400 km · h-1速度通过隧道和在隧道内交会时,纵向测点的压力变化幅值差异最为显著,分别为65和148 Pa,相对于压力变化总体幅值均处于较低水平,由此可见在进行车体结构安全性评估时可将车厢中部测点的压力变化作为整个车体结构的气动载荷输入条件。
(2)列车以400 km · h-1速度通过不同长度隧道时,压力载荷半循环1和半循环2的幅值变化显著,尤其是对于2列车隧道内交会情形中。随隧道长度的增大,单列车通过隧道情形中,2个半循环的压力幅值和均值变化趋势相同,表现为先迅速增大、接着缓慢增大、最终缓慢下降的趋势,同时幅值和均值的变化分布范围分别为1.9~2.6 kPa和-1.8~-2.4 kPa;2列车隧道内交会情形中,2个半循环压力幅值和均值的分布范围分别为4.7~7.0 kPa和-3.6~-5.4 kPa。
(3)列车以不同速度在其对应的最不利长度隧道内通过或交会时,随列车速度的提高,气动载荷循环的幅值显著增加。列车以300,350和400 km · h-1速度通过隧道时,车体表面压力变化中幅值较大的载荷循环分别为4个半循环、2个半循环加1个全循环和2个半循环;在隧道内以300,350和400 km · h-1速度交会时,车体表面压力变化中幅值较大的载荷循环分别为4个半循环、2个半循环和2个半循环。
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