To accurately calculate coupler forces and overcome the limitations of existing models in determining coupler forces when connecting two couplers with distinct draft gears, a refined longitudinal dynamics model for the coupler and draft gear system is proposed. This refined model consists of two parts: the impedance characteristic function of the draft gear and the motion state sub model of the coupler. Based on the structures, principles, and impact test results of the MT-2 and QKX100 draft gears commonly used in heavy-haul trains, and combining the advantages of analytical and fitting methods, the impedance characteristic functions for both draft gears are established. Force analysis is conducted based on the impedance sum of the draft gears and the contact relationship between the two couplers to calculate the coordinates and velocities of the couplers for the next time step and establish the motion state sub model of the couplers. After verifying the accuracy of the draft gear impedance characteristics and the refined model, a dynamic simulation test is performed to investigate the influence of train configurations on coupler forces during the release condition of a 30,000-ton train. The results show that the impedance characteristics of the MT-2 and QKX100 draft gears under different conditions simulated by the refined model align well with experimental values, outperforming some existing models. The refined model can simulate the coupler forces and motion states when two couplers with different types of draft gears are connected, and the longitudinal dynamics case simulation results of this model are consistent with those from mainstream simulation platforms both domestically and internationally, demonstrating high accuracy. A 30,000-ton train organized in three 10,000-ton units and fitted with an electronically controlled pneumatic (ECP) braking system displays reduced coupler forces during the release condition relative to other train configurations, rendering it an advantageous train configuration for ensuring smooth operation on extended and steep slopes.
目前,仿真模型中缓冲器阻抗的计算方法主要有解析法和拟合法2种。其中,解析法是根据缓冲器的结构和作用原理,分析各部件的相对运动和受力,从而得到缓冲器的阻抗。文献[9-10]用解析法计算货车采用的MT-2型全钢干摩擦式缓冲器在理想状态下的阻抗特性,但由于未考虑各部件在运动中的形变,计算得到的阻抗特性与实际存在一定差异。文献[3]在解析法的基础上,通过对摩擦系数的修正得到较为准确的摩擦楔形缓冲器阻抗,但摩擦系数的修正过程过于复杂,且是否符合摩擦学规律还有待研究。上述文献均采用解析法研究MT-2型缓冲器阻抗特性,而采用该方法探究重载机车用QKX100型弹性胶泥缓冲器阻抗特性的相关文献则较少。拟合法是根据缓冲器的落锤试验或单车对单车的冲击试验曲线拟合得到[4-6]。这种方法简单高效,但拟合的阻抗仅与缓冲器行程相关,忽略了加载或卸载速度对阻抗的影响。对于MT-2型缓冲器,其运动速度越慢,摩擦力越大,故其阻抗在卸载初期较小,而在加载末期上升较快;对于QKX100型缓冲器,其运动速度越快,胶泥的阻尼越大,故其阻抗在加载初期上升较快,在加载末期上升变慢甚至减小。因此2种缓冲器的实际阻抗与其运动速度密切相关。而在既有文献中,QKX100型缓冲器的阻抗模型通常是通过落锤试验曲线拟合得到的[11]。落锤以约3.3 m · s-1的速度冲击缓冲器,模拟车辆以23.8 km · h-1的相对速度撞击[3],这使得QKX100型缓冲器在落锤试验加载初期阻抗上升极快,阻抗特性曲线整体呈直角梯形。实际上,列车在连挂、坡道牵引、制动停车、循环制动等工况下的冲击速度远低于落锤试验速度,故QKX100型缓冲器的阻抗特性曲线实际呈月牙形,更接近静压特性[12]。因此,通过落锤试验拟合得到的QKX100型缓冲器阻抗特性函数不适用于列车正常运行时的动力学仿真。综合看,既有钩缓装置模型存在与实际差距较大、难以分析不同类型缓冲器连挂时车钩力、缓冲器阻抗特性等问题。
为对比本文所提MT-2型缓冲器阻抗函数与既有阻抗特性函数的差异,对装配MT-2型缓冲器的车辆进行冲击试验。冲击车与被冲击车均为满载C80型敞车,总重为100 t,分别进行6和8 km · h-1冲击速度下的冲击试验,得到MT-2型缓冲器的阻抗特性曲线。将其与解析法和拟合法及本文所提MT-2型缓冲器阻抗函数计算结果对比如图7所示。
从图7可以看出:在MT-2型缓冲器加载初始阶段,本文阻抗函数和拟合法的结果与试验值有较好的一致性,解析法[9]结果则与试验值存在一定偏差;在加载中后期,当冲击速度为8 km · h-1时,3种方法的阻抗特性曲线与试验值走势基本相同,但当冲击速度为6 km · h-1时,拟合法结果则与试验值存在较大偏差,这是由于拟合法一般按照缓冲器最大行程下的特性曲线拟合得到,无法反映摩擦系数随速度的变化,因此当缓冲器未到达最大行程即转为卸载状态时无法准确反映加载末期的缓冲器阻抗;卸载阶段的缓冲器阻抗整体较低且较为稳定,本文阻抗函数与拟合法的结果和试验值吻合较好,解析法的结果低于试验值。
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