The upper arch deformation of in-tunnel ballastless tracks poses a serious threat to the safety of existing operational railway lines. To study the mechanical behavior of ballastless track structure, the swelling characteristics of the surrounding rock are analyzed through geological drilling and laboratory tests based on a railway tunnel project in the mountainous area of Northern China. A numerical method for simulating tunnel bottom heave deformation is proposed based on an expensive elastoplastic constitutive model. The numerical simulation of tunnel and track upper arch is carried out. Results show that the heave section of the tunnel is underlain by weak-strength marl lenses. This type of surrounding rock, exhibiting weak to moderate expansibility, gradually absorbs water and swells under fissure water migration, leading to excessive tunnel base heave and track deformation. The proposed expansive elastoplastic constitutive model based on Mohr-Columb criterion and expansibility test of surrounding rock can be used to simulate the effect of tunnel upper arch caused by the volume expansion of rock. Based on the model established in this paper, when the distribution range of expansive rock is 10.5 m wide, 5 m deep and 18.5 m long, and the expansion strain is 5%, the maximum upward arch and interlayer separation of track structure is 21.5 mm and 1.93 mm. The track structure is bent and deformed under the action of surrounding rock volume expansion, and the structure is in danger of cracking. When the surrounding rock expansion strain exceeds 3.5%, 4.5% and 5%, respectively, the track geometry deviation reaches thresholds for planned maintenance, temporary repair, and speed restriction, respectively.
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