1.Railway Science and Technology Research and Development Center, China Academy of Railway Sciences Corporation Limited, Beijing 100081, China
2.Railway Engineering Research Institute, China Academy of Railway Sciences Corporation Limited, Beijing 100081, China
3.Energy Saving and Environmental Protection and Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, China Academy of Railway Sciences Corporation Limited, Beijing 100081, China
4.Urban Rail Transit Center, China Academy of Railway Sciences Corporation Limited, Beijing 100081, China
5.China Academy of Railway Sciences (Shenzhen) Research and Design Institute Co. , Ltd. , Shenzhen Guangdong 518000, China
6.Metals and Chemistry Research Institute, China Academy of Railway Sciences Corporation Limited, Beijing 100081, China
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文章历史+
Received
Published
2024-04-07
2025-09-07
Issue Date
2026-07-13
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摘要
为探明车轮多边形对城轨高架线振动噪声的影响规律,以某城轨高架线小半径曲线地段为研究对象,开展列车以不同速度级通过时轨道、桥梁、声屏障振动和轨旁噪声、环境噪声及轮轨粗糙度测试,分析车轮多边形激励下系统振动噪声出现峰值的原因,讨论A计权对环境噪声评估的影响。结果表明:车轮多边形的主导阶次为16阶,在不同速度级下的理论激励频率与实测振动噪声低频主频具有较好的对应关系,是引起低频振动噪声的主要激励源;随着列车运行速度增加,车轮多边形激励频率逐渐增大;在53 km · h-1速度级下,车轮多边形激励频率与轮轨P2共振频率接近,引起轮轨系统共振,导致系统低频振动噪声显著增加;而在63和73 km · h-1速度级下,由于避开轮轨P2共振频率,系统低频振动噪声反而降低,列车应优先以均衡速度63 km · h-1通过该地段;车轮多边形状态最差的列车与状态较好的列车在43和63 km · h-1速度级下引起的环境噪声分别相差5.1和7.9 dB(A);采用A计权将低估轮轨系统低频噪声影响,因而在评价城轨高架线环境噪声时对低频噪声应予以重点关注。
Abstract
To investigate the influence of wheel polygon on vibration and noise of urban rail elevated lines, a study was conducted on a small-radius curved section of an urban rail elevated line. Tests were performed to measure the vibration of the track, bridge, and noise barrier, as well as trackside and environmental noise and wheel-rail roughness when trains passed through at different speed levels. The causes of peak system vibrations and noise under excitation of wheel polygon were analyzed. The impact of A-weighting on environmental noise evaluation was also discussed. The results show that the dominant order of wheel polygon was 16. The theoretical excitation frequency at different speed levels corresponds well with the low-frequency dominant frequencies of measured vibration and noise in the wheel-rail system, identifying wheel polygon as the primary excitation source for low-frequency vibration and noise. As the train speed increased, the excitation frequency of the wheel polygon gradually increased. At the speed of 53 km · h⁻¹, the excitation frequency of the wheel polygon was close to the wheel-rail P2 resonance frequency, causing resonance of the wheel-rail system and resulting in a significant increase of low-frequency vibration and noise. While at speeds of 63 km · h⁻¹ and 73 km · h⁻¹, the low-frequency vibration and noise of the wheel-rail system decreased due to the avoidance of the P2 resonance frequency. The train should pass through this section at a balanced speed of 63 km · h⁻¹. The environmental noise generated by the train with worst wheel polygon condition differs by 5.1 dB(A) and 7.9 dB(A) at speeds of 43 km · h⁻¹ and 63 km · h⁻¹, respectively, compared to trains with better wheel conditions. The use of A-weighting may underestimate the impact of low-frequency noise from the wheel-rail system. Therefore, more attention should be paid to low-frequency noise when evaluating environmental noise from urban rail elevated lines.
为研究车轮多边形状态下列车速度对振动噪声的影响,测试中设置4个速度级,分别为43,53,63和73 km · h-1,列车在每个速度级工况均运行1天。43和53 km · h-1速度级,列车通过曲线为过超高状态,73 km · h-1速度级为欠超高状态。为保证所有运行列车均能通过测点断面,每个速度级工况至少测试半天。
不同速度级下桥梁和声屏障的振动频谱如图8所示,以低频振动为主。从图8可以看出:43 km · h-1速度级下车轮多边形的激励频率为68 Hz,与车轮多边形在43 km · h-1速度级下的理论激励频率74 Hz存在一些偏差,这可能是车辆实际运行速度与预期运行速度存在偏差所致,整体来看对应性较为良好;排除钢轨波磨影响,可以明确车轮多边形是引起轨道和桥梁低频振动的主要原因。
从图7和图8还可以看出:随列车运行速度的提升,钢轨、轨道板和桥梁的振动加速度频谱中峰值频率逐渐增大;桥梁的低频振动主频在53,63和73 km · h-1速度级下分别为85,100和114 Hz,与表4中车轮多边形的理论激励频率91,109和126 Hz具有较强的关联性;相比于其他速度级,速度为53 km · h-1时,钢轨、轨道板和声屏障的低频振动明显增加,尤其是声屏障振动显著增大。
对53 km · h-1速度级轮轨系统振动增大的原因进行分析,可能是由于车轮多边形的激励频率与轮轨系统P2频率重合导致系统结构共振引起的。P2共振频率是车辆轨道系统的固有频率之一,其定义为车辆簧下质量与轨道质量在轨道弹性系统上的共振,轮轨P2共振频率一般在30~100 Hz之间[23]。
从表5可以看出:无论是否考虑计权,均为53 km · h-1速度级下噪声最大;采用A计权时,43 km · h-1速度级下噪声最小,与53 km · h-1速度级下噪声相差3.2 dB(A);不采用A计权时,63 km · h-1速度级下噪声水平最小,与53 km · h-1速度级下噪声相差3.8 dB;车轮多边形状态下,列车运行速度对环境噪声有明显影响。
式中:MU为车辆簧下质量的一半,取值为600 kg;kH为线性轮轨接触刚度,取值为1.524×109 N · m-1;ω为车辆簧下质量和轨道耦合系统的固有频率;为简支钢轨的长度,取值为25 m;i为虚数单位;EI为钢轨抗弯刚度,取值为6.63×106 N · m2;为特征值;mr为单位长度的半边轨道质量;k为钢轨基础弹性系数,与轨道刚度具有直接关系;为轨道结构固有频率。
根据,可计算得到钢轨的基础弹性系数k=1.480×108 N · mm-2,代入式(1)可计算出轮轨P2共振频率为81.8 Hz,与实测53 km · h-1速度级条件下车轮多边形的激励频率85 Hz较为接近,验证了上述关于车轮多边形激励频率与P2共振频率重叠导致轮轨系统振动增加的猜测。由于63和73 km · h-1速度级下车轮多边形激励频率避开轮轨P2共振频率,低频振动噪声反而降低。
4 车轮多边形幅值影响
进一步分析相同速度级下车轮多边形幅值对轨旁、环境噪声的影响规律。
4.1 43 km · h-1速度级
43 km · h-1速度级下,列车A、列车B及列车C的轨旁噪声和环境噪声1/3倍频程声压级如图11所示。
从图11可以看出:43 km · h-1速度级下,随着车轮多边形幅值增加,轨旁噪声和环境噪声在63 Hz频率附近均明显增加,中高频噪声也有不同程度增加。
此外结合表6和表7可以看出:列车A和列车B计权时的等效连续声级在63 km · h-1速度级下大于43 km · h-1;未计权时,等效连续声级在63 km · h-1速度级小于43 km · h-1。根据居民测试期间的普遍感受和反馈,63 km · h-1速度级下高架线列车通过引起的环境噪声较43 km · h-1速度级有所降低,与不计权的等效连续声级对比结果更为接近。
(2)随列车运行速度的增加,车轮多边形激励频率逐渐增大。在53 km · h-1速度级下,车轮多边形激励频率与轮轨P2共振频率较为接近,引起轮轨系统共振,导致结构低频噪声显著增加;而在63和73 km · h-1速度级下,由于激励频率避开轮轨P2共振频率,环境低频噪声反而降低。建议列车应优先以均衡速度63 km · h-1通过该高架地段。
(3)相同速度级下,随车轮多边形幅值逐渐增加,轨旁噪声和环境噪声在低频范围均明显增加。车轮多边形状态最差的列车与状态较好的列车在43和63 km · h-1速度级下引起的环境噪声分别相差5.1和7.9 dB(A)。采用A计权会低估轮轨系统低频噪声影响,在评价高架线环境噪声时对低频噪声应予以重点关注。
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