Gansu Province Engineering Laboratory of Rail Transit Mechanics Application, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou Gansu 730070, China
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Published
2023-10-26
2025-09-07
Issue Date
2026-07-13
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摘要
为探究2列车在高海拔、大坡度和长大隧道交会时的空气阻力特征,基于一维可压缩非定常不等熵流动模型建立列车在高原铁路隧道交会时的空气阻力计算方法,并验证方法的合理性和准确性;以8节编组高速列车为研究对象,阐明整车空气阻力的形成机理及各分项空气阻力的变化特征,分析隧道的交会位置、长度、坡型、坡度、列车速度和海拔等因素对空气阻力的影响。结果表明:列车在坡度隧道内交会时空气阻力与列车周围空气的压力和流速、列车运行位置及隧道坡型和坡度密切相关;车厢摩擦阻力占整车空气阻力的60%以上,车身摩擦系数的取值对合理预测空气阻力尤为重要;列车在单面坡隧道中央等速交会为最恶劣交会位置,相对于隧道坡度,海拔对空气阻力的影响更大,且空气阻力随海拔的增大而减小;列车以250 km · h-1的速度在海拔1 000 m、坡度25‰、长度15 km的隧道中央等速交会时最大空气阻力和平均空气阻力分别为64.5和53.7 kN。研究结果为高原高速铁路列车的牵引功率配比提供参数支持。
Abstract
To investigate the characteristics of train air resistance when two trains cross in high-altitude and steep-gradient, long railway tunnels, a calculation method for air resistance during trains crossing in plateau railway tunnels was established based on a one-dimensional compressible unsteady isentropic flow model. The rationality and accuracy of the method were verified by the foreign numerical simulation data. Taking an eight-car formation high-speed train as the subject, the formation mechanism of the overall air resistance and the variation characteristics of each component air resistance were clarified. The variation laws of crossing location, tunnel length, gradient type, gradient magnitude, train speed and altitude on air resistance were analyzed. The results show that air resistance during the intersection of two trains in graded tunnels is closely related to the pressure, flow velocity and gravity of surrounding air, the train's position, and the gradient type and magnitude of the tunnel. Carbody friction resistance constitutes over 60% of the total air resistance, making the selection of the body friction coefficient particularly critical for accurate prediction. Compared to the gradient of the tunnel, altitude has a greater impact on air resistance, which decreases with increasing altitude. When the trains cross at the center of a 15 km long tunnel with a 25 ‰ gradient, at 1 000 m altitude, and at the speed of 250 km · h-1, the maximum and average air resistance are 64.5 kN and 53.7 kN, respectively. The research results provide parameter support for determining the traction power ratio of plateau high-speed railway trains.
现车试验方面,Hara[3]基于大量现车试验数据,提出了列车明线运行和通过隧道时空气阻力的经验计算式;Peters[4]基于实车试验数据,梳理分析了ICE/V列车和隧道长度对隧道因子的影响特征;Gaillard等[5]针对瑞士普速列车进行了一系列实车试验,将列车明线空气阻力分为机车、中间车厢和尾车车厢阻力3部分;高翔等[6]采用惰行法总结了8节编组高速列车以250和350 km · h-1明线运行和通过时空气阻力的变化规律;康熊等[7]提出了列车空气阻力测量方法,并基于惰行工况下的阻力测量数据分析求解了CRH3型动车组明线运行空气阻力;赵有明等[8]基于惰行试验数据并结合非恒定流动模型,研究得到列车在隧道内运行时的空气阻力。采用实车试验研究隧道海拔和坡度对列车空气阻力的影响具有一定的局限性。
由于目前国内外公开的涉及隧道坡度的空气阻力数据尚无隧道交会条件的空气阻力试验数据,选取文献[29]中2列车以300 km · h-1速度在平直隧道中央等速交会的数值仿真数据,对本文采用一维流动模型数值模拟整车空气阻力方法的合理性及源代码程序的准确性进行验证。隧道内无竖井,且截面沿其纵向恒定不变,整车空气阻力的对比结果如图3所示。
2列车以250 km · h-1速度在海拔1 000 m、长度15 km的不同坡度单面坡隧道中央等速交会时,观测列车,,和随隧道坡度变化趋势如图9所示。图中:垂直于横坐标的红虚线表示列车通过平直隧道;坡度正/负值分别表示列车上/下坡运行。由图9可知:列车上坡运行时,,,和均随着坡度的增加而增大;列车下坡运行时,,,和均随着坡度的增加而减小。
3.4 列车速度的影响
2列车以200,250,300和350 km · h-1的速度分别在海拔1 000 m、坡度25‰、长度15 km隧道中央等速交会时,观测列车整车空气阻力时间历程曲线如图10所示。图中:为便于对比空气阻力随列车速度的变化特征,将横坐标时间按(为列车通过隧道总时间,h;,分别为隧道和列车长度,km;为列车速度,km · h-1)进行无量纲处理。由图10可知:随着观测列车运行速度的增加,其整车空气阻力变化越剧烈,且速度越大阻力值越大。
为定量分析整车空气阻力随列车速度的变化关系,观测列车,,和随列车速度变化趋势如图11所示。由图11可知:和均随列车速度的增加而增大,例如,速度从200 km · h-1增加至350 km · h-1,速度增加了75%,和分别增大了148.31%和186.42%;同一速度下,列车上坡时的和均大于下坡情况。根据关系式,将与车速进行拟合,拟合优度在0.95以上,且拟合式中的,表明与车速的2次方呈正比。列车上坡或下坡运行时,和随着列车速度的增大而减小或增大。
3.5 隧道海拔的影响
2列车以250 km · h-1速度在坡度25‰、长度15 km、不同海拔隧道中央等速交会时,观测列车整车空气阻力时间历程曲线如图12所示。由图12可知:海拔的变化不影响空气阻力的变化趋势,但海拔越高,列车周围的空气密度越小,导致空气阻力随着海拔的升高而减小。
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