1.Railway Engineering Research Institute, China Academy of Railway Sciences Corporation Limited, Beijing 100081, China
2.State Key Laboratory of High-Speed Railway Track System, Beijing 100081, China
3.Railway Science and Technology Research & Development Center, China Academy of Railway Sciences Corporation Limited, Beijing 100081, China
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文章历史+
Received
Published
2025-02-17
2025-11-07
Issue Date
2026-09-16
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摘要
动车组高速通过长大隧道时,压缩波在非线性效应作用下发生畸变并诱发音爆现象。选取2座约14.0 km长的隧道开展实车试验,设计动车组单车通过和2车交会2种行车场景,研究不同速度级条件下隧道内压力波传播规律、音爆机理及噪声特性。结果表明:测试隧道内气动压力正峰值随动车组速度的增大呈指数增大趋势,不同纵向位置处峰值差异不大,250和300 km · h-1速度下气动压力正峰值分别约为0.52和1.10 kPa;非线性效应作用下,随着压缩波传播距离的增加,压力梯度峰值表现为先增大、随后增大或减小的非单调性变化趋势;压缩波畸变率随动车组车速提升而增大,当1时在惯性效应主导下压缩波发生畸变,而当1时在摩擦效应主导下波形变缓;2种行车场景下,音爆均发生于测试隧道内,随后传播至隧道洞口;发生音爆时,隧道内外不同位置处噪声峰值均存在不同程度的增大,70 dB(A)以上时音爆噪声清晰,峰值最大可达102.41 dB(A),频率主要分布在0~500 Hz之间;各个速度级下,2个测试隧道洞口外噪声响度级分别位于40~80方和50~80方之间,低于人耳痛域响度曲线。
Abstract
When EMUs run through long railway tunnels at high speeds, compression waves undergo severe distortion due to nonlinear effects, resulting in the sonic boom phenomenon. To investigate the pressure propagating laws as well as the mechanism of tunnel sonic boom and its acoustic features, this paper conducted field tests in two 14 km-long tunnels with single-train passage and two-train meeting scenarios. The results indicate that peak positive aerodynamic pressure in the tunnel increases exponentially with train speed, with minor variations at different longitudinal positions. At the speed levels of 250 km·h-1and 300 km·h-1, amplitudes of the compression waves approach 0.52 kPa and 1.10 kPa, respectively. Under nonlinear effects, peak pressure gradient of initial compression wave first increases then shows nonmonotonic trends of increasing or decreasing with propagation distance. The distortion rate of the compression wave , increases with the train speed. More specifically, 1 represents the inertial force-dominated wave evolution that leads to pressure distortion; and 1 implies the friction effect-controlled wave evolution with a flattened waveform. In both scenarios, sonic booms occur inside the tunnel then propagate to the tunnel portal. During sonic boom, noise peaks increase at all measurement positions, becoming clearly audible above 70 dB(A), with maximum peak reaching 102.41 dB(A) and frequency of its bursting sound mainly distributed within 0 - 500 Hz. At all tested speeds, the noise loudness level of the ambient sound outside two portals ranges between 40 - 80 phon and 50 - 80 phon, below the domain of loudness curve of the human ear pain.
试验分为2组,A组为动车组单车通过试验,在隧道1和隧道2内进行;B组为一辆动车组静止于隧道内、另一辆动车组对向行车的模拟2车交会试验(简称2车交会试验),在隧道1内进行。单车通过试验中,动车组沿下行线在隧道内拉锯式通过(往返通行),工况A-1在测试隧道1内进行,涵盖200~330 km · h-1多个速度级,工况A-2在测试隧道2内进行,仅包含250,280和300 km · h-1共3个速度级。2车交会试验含3个测试工况,均在隧道1中开展,工况B-1为主试车静态停靠于上行线出口(尾车头部距隧道出口50 m),陪试车沿下行自隧道进口驶入;工况B-2为主试车静态停靠于上行线距隧道出口3.0 km处,陪试车同样沿下行线自隧道进口驶入;工况B-3为主试车静态停靠于上行线距隧道进口4.0 km处,陪试车沿下行线自隧道出口驶入。2车交会的3个测试工况中,陪试车均以300 km · h-1速度驶入以诱发音爆,主试车添乘测试人员以观察隧道内的音爆噪声情况。单车通过和2车交会试验方案详见表1。
为确保试验结果准确可靠,每个速度级试验至少重复2次。以测试隧道1为例,动车组以300 km · h-1速度通过时,2次重复性试验测得的压力波时程曲线如图4所示。从图4可以看出:在相同速度级下,隧道内气动压力峰值最大测量峰值差异仅为0.019 5 kPa,相对偏差小于2.2%,由此证明试验重复性好,数据可信。
2 结果分析
2.1 压缩波激化
工况A-1中,隧道1内不同纵向位置处的气动压力正负峰值分布情况如图5所示。从图5可以看出:在2个测试速度级条件下,隧道内气动压力正峰值主要与行车速度相关,不同空间位置处峰值差异较小;250和300 km · h-1这2个速度级下,往返测试中相同测点气动压力正峰值分别在0.52和1.10 kPa上下波动,最大压力偏差分别为5.3%和12.9%;类似地,气动压力负峰值主要由动车组通过时产生,因此的峰值主要由行车速度决定;250和300 km · h-1速度条件下,最大值分别为-0.85和-1.46 kPa,且对测量位置变化同样并不敏感。由此可见,隧道内气动压力正峰值大小主要受行车速度影响,受压缩波传播距离的影响较小。
对于给定的测试隧道,初始压缩波的波形畸变主要受动车组行驶速度影响。工况A-1中为0.20和0.78这2处测点的压缩波波形时程曲线如图7所示。从图7可以看出:对于给定的测点位置,初始压缩波的波形随动车组行驶速度的增大而逐渐陡化;相同速度条件下,0.78测点处的波形较0.20处波形更陡;在290和310 km · h-1速度条件下,压缩波波形出现了垂直增长。造成这一现象的主要原因是隧道内空气因自身惯性无法被驶入的动车组立即压缩或排开,而空气分子间的动量传递需要时间,由此导致压力波的传播速度大于理论声速,初始压缩波波前非受压区声速略慢于波后受压区声速,在此惯性效应作用下,初始压缩波在足够长的隧道内传播时,后波不断追及前波,导致压缩波波形不断变陡,压力梯度不断增大,最终形成弱激波并诱发音爆。
为进一步分析隧道内音爆噪声的峰值变化规律,整理出工况A-2中隧道2内各测点处的噪声峰值见表3。由表3可知:动车组由250 km · h-1提速至300 km · h-1,隧道内音爆噪声A计权声压级峰值逐渐增大;250 km · h-1速度级下隧道中心(为0.50)处测点噪声测量值最小、仅为66.64 dB(A),与工况B-3类似,该速度级下该测点处压缩波波形畸变程度相对较弱,因此噪声峰值相应较低;随着压缩波在隧道内的传播,A计权声压级峰值逐渐增大,为0.96处测量值最大、达到77.41 dB(A);当动车组车速分别达到280和300 km · h-1后,为0.65测点处噪声峰值显著增大,最大值达到102.41 dB(A),这与图8中测试隧道2压力梯度峰值在为0.65和0.75处达到最大相呼应。由此不难发现,压缩波的波形畸变程度越强,压力梯度越大,发生音爆时噪声峰值越大。
工况A-1和工况A-2洞口外20 m处的音爆噪声频域分布特性如图11所示。从图11可以看出:隧道洞外噪声频率主要分布在0~500 Hz之间;可闻域范围(20 Hz)内,A计权声压级随着噪声频率的增大而增大;当动车组分别以250和290 km · h-1速度单车通过测试隧道1,以250 km · h-1速度单车通过测试隧道2时,隧道洞外20 m处各频率对应下的A计权噪声峰值主要分布在60 dB(A)以下,此时隧道洞口外音爆噪声水平相对较弱甚至未监测到音爆噪声;随着动车组车速增大,可闻域范围内各频率下的A计权声压级测量值均显著增大,峰值超过70 dB(A),此时2个测试隧道洞口均可监测到清晰音爆噪声。
从图13可以看出:对于非音爆和音爆工况,隧道洞外噪声频率总体分布于0~500 Hz范围内,但非音爆工况和音爆工况的声压级频率分布存在较为明显的差异;当动车组以290 km · h-1及更高速度单车通过测试隧道1时,相同频率对应的声压级明显高于270和250 km · h-1速度工况测量值;类似地,测试隧道2中相同频率下280和300 km · h-1速度工况的声压级测量值也高于250 km · h-1速度工况测量值;各个速度级下,测试隧道1洞口外20 m处的噪声响度级在高频段主要分布于40~80方之间,测试隧道2则分布于50~80方之间;2个测试隧道发生音爆时,隧道洞口外噪声响度级最大值均小于80方,低于人耳痛域。
3 结论
(1)隧道内气动压力正峰值主要受动车组速度影响,不同纵向位置处峰值差异不大。250和300 km · h-1速度下,气动压力正峰值分别约为0.52和1.10 kPa。基于数据拟合分析,提出了修正的气动压力正峰值计算式。
(2)长大隧道内压缩波的畸变过程表现为非单调性变化规律。随着动车组行驶速度的增大,相同位置处波形畸变程度加剧。随着压缩波传播距离的增大,压力梯度峰值和压缩波畸变率先增大,随后或增大或减小。畸变系数随动车组行驶速度增大而增大。300 km · h-1速度下,2个测试隧道内压力梯度峰值均超过100 kPa · s-1。
(3)单车通过和2车交会2种行车场景下,音爆均在测试隧道内产生,随后音爆噪声由隧道内传播至隧道洞口。不同速度级下,音爆噪声峰值高于70 dB(A)时爆破音清晰。300 km · h-1速度时,测试隧道2内音爆噪声峰值达到102.41 dB(A)。非音爆和音爆工况下,隧道洞口外噪声频域主要分布于0~500 Hz之间,发生音爆时高频部分A计权声压级测量值显著增大。
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