1.School of Mechanical, Electronic and Control Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
2.Zhan Tianyou Honors College (College of China Railway Rolling Stock Corporation), Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian Liaoning 116028, China
3.Locomotive & Car Research Institute, China Academy of Railway Sciences Corporation Limited, Beijing 100081, China
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文章历史+
Received
Published
2024-09-12
2026-01-01
Issue Date
2026-07-13
PDF (14314K)
摘要
为进一步研究碳陶制动盘在高速服役工况下因热-机耦合载荷产生的损伤,以高速动车组轮装C/C-SiC复合材料制动盘为研究对象,在开展碳陶复合材料力学性能试验的基础上,建立碳陶制动盘热-机耦合仿真模型并进行试验验证,仿真研究不同制动工况下制动盘的热-机特性演化规律;结合Linde准则和Hashin准则,计算高速紧急制动工况下制动盘易损伤区域的损伤量并探究纤维排布方向对制动盘损伤的影响。结果表明:碳陶复合材料面内的拉伸强度约为层间的7.3倍,面内的剪切强度约为层间的2.0倍,碳陶复合材料面内的拉伸和剪切性能优于层间,面内的高强度和高模量可保障抗变形能力,层间压缩性能稳定能避免承压工况下的分层失效,为其作为制动盘材料的适用性提供了力学支撑;热-机耦合仿真表明,随着制动初速度和制动压力的增大,碳陶制动盘的温度场、应力场及变形量均呈单调递增趋势,最大应力集中于螺栓沉孔区域,且400 km · h-1初速度紧急制动工况下的渐进损伤计算结果也进一步证实制动盘最大损伤同样聚集于螺栓沉孔处;纤维方向和结构夹角的变化对制动盘轴向损伤变量影响较小,其峰值波动范围为0.153~0.157。
Abstract
To further investigate the damage of C/C-SiC composites brake discs induced by thermo-mechanical coupling loads under high-speed service conditions, this study takes the wheel-mounted C/C-SiC composite brake disc of high-speed EMUs as the research object. Based on the mechanical property tests of C/C-SiC composites, a thermo-mechanical coupling simulation model of C/C-SiC composites brake disc was established and validated by experiments, and the evolution laws of thermo-mechanical characteristics of the disc under different braking conditions were explored via simulation. By combining the Linde criterion and Hashin criterion, damage calculation was conducted for the vulnerable areas of the brake disc under high-speed emergency braking conditions, and the influence of fiber arrangement direction on brake disc damage was analyzed. The results show that: the in-plane tensile strength of C/C-SiC composites is about 7.3 times that of the interlaminar strength, and the in-plane shear strength is about 2.0 times that of the interlaminar strength. Thus, the in-plane tensile and shear properties of C/C-SiC composites are superior to the interlaminar properties. The high in-plane strength and modulus can ensure deformation resistance, while the stable interlaminar compressive performance can avoid delamination failure under pressure conditions, providing mechanical support for its applicability as a brake disc material. The thermo-mechanical coupling simulation indicates that as the initial braking speed and braking pressure increase, the temperature field, stress field and deformation of C/C-SiC composites brake disc all show a monotonically increasing trend, with the maximum stress concentrated in the bolt counterbore area. Moreover, the progressive damage calculation results under the emergency braking condition with an initial speed of 400 km · h-1 further confirm that the maximum damage of the disc is also concentrated in the bolt counterbore area. The variation of the angle between the fiber direction and the structure has a slight effect on the axial damage variable of the brake disc, with its peak fluctuation range being 0.153 - 0.157.
因紧急制动工况下碳陶制动盘盘面温度变化更为明显,对不同制动初速度下的碳陶制动盘热-机耦合仿真均采用紧急制动工况。4个制动初速度下的制动工况均为变压力制动,当速度制动到200 km · h-1时制动压力发生变化(制动压力从21 kN增加到35 kN),得到不同制动初速度下碳陶制动盘最高温度随时间变化曲线如图9所示。由图9可知:随制动初速度增大,盘面最高温度呈单调递增趋势,且较高制动初速度下制动的持续时间更长,最高温度的出现时刻也依次延后;制动初速度为400 km · h-1时碳陶盘最高温度升至920 ℃,尽管相同工况下铸钢制动盘的最高温度为746 ℃[24],但是碳陶复合材料的耐高温性能通常可稳定耐受1 000 ℃以上,显著优于铸钢,因此该温度水平下碳陶盘仍能保持结构和性能的稳定性。
400 km · h-1速度紧急制动工况下碳陶制动盘温度场分布如图10所示。图中:上表面为制动盘与闸片摩擦面,下表面为制动盘与车轮接触面。由图10可知:由于碳陶复合材料的导热性质,制动盘上下表面存在温度梯度;制动盘的热量在散热筋处传递更快;连接螺栓上施加的预紧力使制动盘与螺栓产生一定的接触压力,这导致接触热导率的升高,从而使螺栓孔处的热量更快传递至螺栓处,最终使制动盘螺栓孔处的温度低于制动盘其他位置。
由于碳陶制动盘内部存在温度梯度,加上约束的影响,导致热应力的产生,不同制动初速度下碳陶制动盘Von Mises应力场分布如图11所示。由图11可知:制动盘Von Mises应力最大位置为制动盘螺栓沉孔处,这是由于小孔应力集中且螺栓孔同时受到热载荷和螺栓预紧力的影响导致;不同制动初速度下应力场分布规律相同,制动初速度为300 km · h-1时Von Mises应力最大值为98.3 MPa,400 km · h-1时为109.9 MPa,制动盘Von Mises应力增加11.6 MPa,这是由于碳陶复合材料的热膨胀系数低[6]以及螺栓预紧力在碳陶制动盘螺栓沉孔处产生的轴向压应力导致。
不同制动初速度下的制动盘位移云图变化趋势相同,因此仅给出400 km · h-1速度下制动盘位移云图如图12所示。由图12可知:制动盘径向位移主要与制动盘半径有关,半径越大的位置径向位移越大;由于制动压力的施加和制动盘上温度差的共同作用,导致制动盘中心位置的轴向位移较大;制动压力的施加与碳陶制动盘散热筋的分布布置,使制动盘无散热筋且靠近碳陶制动盘外圈处的轴向位移较大。
在建立碳陶制动盘热-机耦合仿真模型的基础上,结合选取渐进损伤理论编写的UMAT子程序,对制动初速度400 km · h-1紧急制动工况下的碳陶制动盘进行渐进损伤分析。制动结束时刻失效状态变量F1,F2和F3及Ffms的云图如图16所示。由图16可知:F1,F2,F3和Ffms这4个失效状态变量最大值分别为0.460,0.228,1.153和0.389,其中F1,F2和Ffms的最大值出现在螺栓孔处,F3的最大值出现在螺栓沉孔处,这是由螺栓孔处应力集中导致;制动结束时刻,F1,F2和Ffms的数值均小于1,F3>1,说明在进行400 km · h-1初速度的紧急制动过程中碳陶制动盘只在Z方向上出现损伤。
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