1.Railway Infrastructure Inspection Center, China Academy of Railway Sciences Corporation Limited, Beijing 100081, China
2.State Key Laboratory of Performance Monitoring and Protecting of Rail Transit Infrastructure, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang Jiangxi 330013, China
3.School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
4.Railway Engineering Research Institute, China Academy of Railway Sciences Corporation Limited, Beijing 100081, China
Uplift deformation of railway tunnel invert structures can occur under high groundwater pressure and surrounding rock swelling, inducing track irregularities and affecting the safe and smooth operation of high-speed trains. To investigate the uplift deformation patterns of ballastless track in railway tunnels, a ballastless track-tunnel invert similarity model was established based on similarity principles. The physical model was fabricated using 3D printing, and a customized loading apparatus was used to simulate and control the invert load. Results show that, under the invert load, the surfaces of all structural layers are in tension, with the central drainage channel surface exhibiting the most pronounced tension. The transverse stress is significantly greater than the longitudinal stress, making the structure more prone to longitudinal cracking, which is consistent with the field crack distribution patterns. Regarding deformation, a pronounced extrusion effect occurs at construction joints, and the central drainage channel, and as a weak part, causes the deformation at tunnel centerline to be consistently larger than that at the track bed slab centerline. With increasing invert load, the deformation amplitude increases approximately linearly, and the difference between the two widens. Moreover, insufficient invert thickness and reduced curvature significantly aggravate the occurrence and propagation of uplift deformation; a decrease in invert thickness leads to a power-law increase in uplift amplitude. The findings provide a reference for controlling tunnel invert uplift defects and optimizing structural design.
GONGJiangfeng, WANGWei, WANGFang, et al. Statistics of China’s Railway Tunnels by the End of 2023 and Overview of Tunnels of Key New Projects in 2023 [J]. Tunnel Construction, 2024, 44 (2): 377-392. in Chinese
SONGHuilai, LINJinzhen, JIANGDianyou, et al. Research on Deformation Characteristics and Driving Safety of Upper Arch of Ballastless Track in Tunnel [J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024, 34 (1): 187-192. in Chinese
[5]
LIUY, SONGH L, SUNX D, et al. Characteristics of Rail Deformation Caused by Tunnel Floor Heave and Corresponding Running Risk of High-Speed Train [J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2022, 346: 128385.
ZHOUBao’an, WUJian, WANGLichuan, et al. Practice and Discussion on Treatment of Ballastless Track Deformation of a High-Speed Railway Tunnel Caused by Floor Heave Based on Traffic Safety [J]. Tunnel Construction, 2021, 41 (3): 474-482. in Chinese
[8]
FANGX H, YANGJ S, XIANGM L, et al. Model Test and Numerical Simulation on The Invert Heave Behaviour of High-Speed Railway Tunnels with Rainstorm [J]. Transportation Geotechnics, 2022, 37: 100891.
[9]
CHENY F, CUIY J, BARRETTA, et al. Investigation of Calcite Precipitation in The Drainage System of Railway Tunnels [J]. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 2019, 84: 45-55.
[10]
JUNGH S, HANY S, CHUNGS R, et al. Evaluation of Advanced Drainage Treatment for Old Tunnel Drainage System in Korea [J]. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 2013, 38: 476-486.
LIZhengshi. Chemical Erosion under the Conditions of Tunnel Lining Concrete and Drainage Measures of Defects Prevention and Treatment [J]. Railway Construction Technology, 2012 (7): 90-93. in Chinese
[13]
JIAN, TASSINB, CALONN, et al. Scaling in Railway Infrastructural Drainage Devices: Site Study [J]. Innovative Infrastructure Solutions, 2016, 1 (1): 42.
[14]
陈鸿,汪大新.膨胀土隧道仰拱施工技术[J].隧道建设,2010,30(5):582-585.
[15]
CHENHong, WANGDaxin. Construction Technology for Tunnel Invert in Swelling Soil [J]. Tunnel Construction, 2010, 30 (5): 582-585. in Chinese
ZHAOTao, LIANGQingguo, WUFeiya, et al. Impact of Base Surrounding Rock Expansion on The Mechanical Characteristics of Mudstone Tunnel [J]. Journal of Southeast University (Natural Science Edition), 2022, 52 (3): 538-546. in Chinese
XUZhiping. Study on the Deformation Mechanism and Control Technology of Arch Bottom Bulging of Railway Tunnel in Expansive Mud Stone [J]. Railway Standard Design, 2024, 68 (5): 113-121. in Chinese
DUMingqing, DONGFei, LIAo, et al. Mechanism and Failure Mode of Floor Heave in Tunnel Invert of High-Speed Railway under Expansive Surrounding Rock [J]. China Railway Science, 2019, 40 (6): 78-85. in Chinese
CUIPengbo, ZHUYongquan, GAOYan, et al. Stability Analysis and Design Optimization for Preliminary Support of Railway Swelling Rock Tunnel [J]. Railway Engineering, 2017, 57 (5): 62-66. in Chinese
YANGWeimin, WANGHao, YANGXin, et al. Development and Application of Tunnel Water Inrush Model Test System under High Geostress and High Water Pressure [J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2017, 36 (): 3992-4001. in Chinese
DUMingqing, ZHANGDingli, ZHANGSulei, et al. Field Test and Analysis of Mechanical Characteristics of Tunnel Invert Structure for High-Speed Railway [J]. China Railway Science, 2017, 38 (5): 53-61. in Chinese
[28]
HEB G, ZHANGY, ZHANGZ Q, et al. Model Test on the Behavior of Tunnel Linings under Earth Pressure Conditions and External Water Pressure [J]. Transportation Geotechnics, 2021, 26: 100457.
ZHANGCailiang, LIUXiubo, KEZaitian, et al. Research on Deformation Laws of Tunnel Heaving Floor and Ballastless Track with Double⁃Block Sleeper Caused by Groundwater [J]. Railway Engineering, 2024, 64 (6): 1-8. in Chinese
HEMinglei, HULei, MENGXianglei. Research on Water Pressure Load and Internal Force of Tunnel Lining [J]. Railway Standard Design, 2014, 58 (2): 79-83. in Chinese
ZHAOGuotang, LIChenxi, SONGHuilai, et al. Study on Analysis Model and Its Application of Upward Deformation of Ballastless Track in Railway Tunnel [J]. Journal of the China Railway Society, 2025, 47 (1): 101-111. in Chinese
JIANGQuan, SONGLeibo. Application and Prospect of 3D Printing Technology to Physical Modeling in Rock Mechanics [J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2018, 37 (1): 23-37. in Chinese
YEFei, YANGPengbo, MAOJiahua, et al. Longitudinal Rigidity of Shield Tunnels Based on Model Tests [J]. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 2015, 37 (1): 83-90. in Chinese
YUHaitao, ZHANGJinghua, JIQianqian, et al. Design and Fabrication of Shield Tunnel Models Based on 3D-Print Technology [J]. Journal of Railway Science and Engineering, 2017, 14 (8): 1707-1714. in Chinese