随着高速铁路向400 km · h-1及更高速度等级迈进,列车运行安全与乘坐舒适性对轨道平顺性提出了更严苛的要求。针对高速铁路常用跨度简支梁桥上轨道平顺性问题,通过构建精细化轨道-桥梁结构有限元模型,阐明梁体徐变上拱引发轨道周期性不平顺的内在机制,进一步提出适用于动力学仿真的桥上轨道周期性不平顺分析单元,并基于建立的更高速度等级车辆-轨道-桥梁耦合动力学模型,深入研究轨道周期性不平顺对400 km · h-1运行列车车体响应的影响。结果表明:桥梁徐变变形的增大会直接引起钢轨变形的加剧,二者幅值呈现较为显著的线性相关性,且钢轨变形的峰值始终略低于桥梁徐变的幅值;提出的轨道周期性不平顺计算单元与实测轨道不平顺的波形变化具有更高的一致性;周期性不平顺作用下,车体响应频谱在32 m波长的各倍频处出现明显峰值,最大谱峰出现在2倍频处,即车体对16 m波长的激励更为敏感,导致车体动力响应在32 m波长范围内呈现双峰值特征。研究结论为400 km · h-1高速铁路的线路状态评估与轨道平顺性控制提供理论支撑。
Abstract
With the development of high-speed railways towards 400 km · h-1 and higher speed levels, train operation safety and ride comfort impose more stringent requirements on track regularity. Focusing on track regularity of simply-supported bridges with common spans widely used in high-speed railways, a refined track-bridge finite element model is established to reveal the inherent mechanism of periodic track irregularities induced by creep camber of bridge girders. Furthermore, an analysis element for periodic track irregularities on bridges suitable for dynamic simulation is proposed. Based on the established vehicle-track-bridge coupled dynamic model for higher-speed railways, the influence of periodic track irregularities on the carbody response of trains running at 400 km · h-1 is investigated in depth. The results show that an increase in girder creep deformation directly leads to increased rail deformation, with a significant linear correlation between their amplitudes, and the peak rail deformation is always slightly lower than that of girder creep. The proposed calculation element for periodic track irregularities exhibits better consistency with the waveform variation of measured track irregularities. Under the excitation of periodic irregularities, obvious spectral peaks appear at the harmonic frequencies corresponding to a 32 m wavelength in the carbody response spectrum, with the maximum peak occurring at the second harmonic, indicating that the carbody is more sensitive to the excitation of 16 m wavelength, resulting in a double-peak characteristic of the carbody dynamic response within the 32 m wavelength range. The findings provide theoretical support for track condition assessment and track regularity control of 400 km · h-1 high-speed railways.
随着高速铁路技术的快速发展,列车运行速度的不断提升对轨道平顺性与车辆动力响应提出了更高要求。轨道不平顺作为影响列车运行安全与乘坐舒适性的关键因素,其形成机理及对车体动力学响应的影响始终是研究重点。特别是在400 km · h-1运行条件下,轨道几何状态的微小偏差即可诱发显著振动并影响列车运行安全,因此亟需系统揭示轨道不平顺的来源、演化规律与动力学效应,为更高速度等级线路的设计、施工与运维提供科学依据[1-5]。
综上所述,现有研究虽揭示了桥梁徐变与周期性不平顺之间的基本关系,但针对更高速度条件下桥梁周期性不平顺的形成机理、轨道-桥梁结构耦合效应及其对车体动力响应的影响规律仍缺乏系统研究。以时速400 km高速铁路为背景,构建精细化轨道-桥梁结构有限元模型,阐明梁体徐变上拱导致的轨道周期性不平顺形成机理,并提出适用于动力学仿真的桥上轨道周期性不平顺计算单元;在此基础上,结合更高速度等级车辆-轨道-桥梁(车-线-桥)耦合动力分析模型,深入揭示轨道周期性不平顺对车体响应的影响规律及其与随机不平顺叠加下的频谱特性,为400 km · h-1高速铁路的线路状态评估与轨道平顺性控制提供理论支撑。
车轨模型方面,通过引入考虑实测高速轮轨蠕滑特性的轮轨接触关系,建立适用于400 km · h-1运行工况的车辆-轨道空间动力学模型。其中,车辆模型和轨道模型分别基于多刚体动力学原理和有限单元理论构建,并通过轮轨接触关系形成耦合系统。轮轨接触模型方面,轮轨接触几何关系采用迹线法求解,轮轨法向力采用Hertz非线性接触理论求解,切向蠕滑力采用改进后的Polach蠕滑模型计算,并通过高速轮轨接触关系的实测数据对轮轨蠕滑模型特征参数进行修正[22]。
为验证所建轨道-桥梁结构有限元模型的计算精度,模拟某高速铁路的实际运营工况,并以350 km · h-1速度下桥梁跨中的动力响应作为对比指标,结果见表1。由表1可知:仿真计算结果与现场实测数据较为接近,桥梁跨中加速度和位移响应的相对误差基本控制在5%左右,最大相对误差仅为5.4%(在工程误差允许范围之内),充分验证了所构建有限元模型具有较高的预测精度与良好的计算可靠性。
进一步结合前文建立的考虑实测更高速度等级轮轨接触关系的车辆-轨道动力学模型,采用全过程交叉迭代法[24]分别求解车轨动力学模型和轨道-桥梁有限元模型,通过轮轨接触处力的平衡条件和位移协调条件控制迭代收敛,实现400 km · h-1高速铁路车辆-轨道-桥梁动力耦合系统的整体仿真计算。
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