在高速铁路持续提速的背景下,由激励、系统参数和运营环境等多重随机因素引发的车辆-轨道系统动力学问题日益突出。为探究时速400 km高速铁路车辆-轨道系统的随机动力学特性及其演化规律,基于包含高速轮轨蠕滑特性的实测数据修正轮轨接触模型,建立适用于时速400 km的车辆-轨道随机动力分析模型,并通过实测动力响应验证模型的适用性;在此基础上,引入概率密度演化方法并进行计算步长的自适应优化改进,应用多分布选点法综合考虑车辆关键参数、轨道关键参数以及轨道不平顺等多重随机因素的耦合效应,探究车辆-轨道系统在400 km · h-1运行速度下的随机动力性能演化特征,并进一步开展车速影响分析,阐明车速提升对系统随机动力学行为的作用机制。结果表明:车辆荷载对车体垂向振动加速度的影响较为敏感,扣件刚度则对钢轨垂向振动加速度的影响较为敏感;随着车速的提高,车辆-轨道系统的随机动力作用不断增强,其中车速由350 km · h-1升至400 km · h-1时,在99.9%的可靠概率水平下车体垂向振动加速度响应水平从0.241 m · s-2增至0.270 m · s-2,轮轨垂向力响应水平从129.2 kN增至143.8 kN,即二者对应的随机动力响应水平分别增大了12.0%和11.3%。
Abstract
Against the background of continuous speed increase of high-speed railways, the dynamic problems of the vehicle-track system caused by multiple random factors such as excitations, system parameters and operating environments, have become increasingly prominent. To investigate the stochastic dynamic characteristics and evolution laws of the vehicle-track system for 400 km · h-1 high-speed railways, a wheel-rail contact model modified by measured data including high-speed wheel-rail creep characteristics is adopted, and a vehicle-track stochastic dynamic analysis model suitable for 400 km · h-1 is established, whose applicability is verified by measured dynamic responses. On this basis, the probability density evolution method is introduced and improved with adaptive optimization of the time step. The multi-distribution point selection method is used to comprehensively consider the coupling effects of multiple random factors such as key vehicle parameters, key track parameters and track irregularities. The evolution characteristics of the stochastic dynamic performance of the vehicle-track system at 400 km · h-1 are explored, and the influence of running speed is further analyzed to clarify the mechanism of speed increase on the stochastic dynamic behaviors of the system. The results show that the vehicle load is sensitive to the vertical vibration acceleration of the carbody, while the fastener stiffness is sensitive to the vertical vibration acceleration of the rail. With the increase of running speed, the stochastic dynamic interaction of the vehicle-track system is continuously enhanced. When the speed increases from 350 km · h-1 to 400 km · h-1, at the 99.9% reliability probability level, the vertical vibration acceleration response of the carbody increases from 0.241 m · s-2 to 0.270 m · s-2, and the vertical wheel-rail force response increases from 129.2 kN to 143.8 kN, i.e., the corresponding stochastic dynamic responses increase by 12.0% and 11.3%, respectively.
然而,现有研究大多聚焦于时速350 km及以下速度工况,鲜有针对时速400 km及更高速度等级的车辆-轨道系统随机动力学行为分析。随着列车运行速度提升,荷载振动效应进一步加剧[19],轮轨关系呈现更为强烈的非线性特征[20],关键结构的宽频随机振动响应也更为凸显[21],如何精确揭示400 km · h-1速度条件下车辆-轨道系统随机动力学行为的演化规律和安全边界已成为高速铁路向更高速度发展的关键科学问题。
本文利用高速轮轨蠕滑特性实测数据,对轮轨蠕滑模型的特征参数进行修正,发展适用于400 km · h-1速度下的新型轮轨接触模型,引入概率密度演化方法并进行计算步长的自适应优化改进,充分考虑车辆关键参数、轨道关键参数以及轨道不平顺等多重随机因素的耦合作用,构建时速400 km及更高速度等级的车辆-轨道随机动力学分析模型,系统分析并揭示400 km · h-1速度下车辆-轨道系统的随机动力学特性及其演化机制,量化多源随机因素和车速对动力学行为的耦合影响机制,以期为更高速度等级高速铁路车辆-轨道系统的优化设计、服役安全评估及运维策略制定提供理论依据与技术支撑。
计算轮轨切向蠕滑力时,实际黏着系数在达到最大黏着点后随蠕滑率的增大而缓慢减小,这与经典Kalker理论所描述的黏着系数在达到最大值后保持不变的特性有所不同[23];在当前较为流行的切向蠕滑理论中,Polach方法和改进的Fastsim方法能够较好地捕捉黏着-蠕滑曲线的特性,但2种方法中的参数均基于100 km · h-1速度范围内的试验数据。因此,需要通过更高速度下的轮轨关系实测数据,对轮轨蠕滑模型特征参数进行修正,解决时速400 km及更高速度条件下蠕滑力的适用性问题。
基于上述车辆-轨道系统随机动力学方程,以及1.1节建立的轮轨接触模型,即联立式(1)—式(4),并输入v=400 km · h-1实测参数修正后的轮轨蠕滑特征参数,构建时速400 km速度级车轨随机动力学分析模型如图1所示。
1.3 模型实测验证
考虑到现场实测工况的单一性,通过将随机动力学模型退化为确定性动力学模型,并输入与某高速铁路现场测试工况一致的计算参数和轨道不平顺,对比本文模型的计算结果与现场高速试验的实测结果,验证本文车辆-轨道随机动力学分析模型的正确性。需要说明的是,由于现场测试最高过车速度为380 km · h-1,对比工况选择350,360,370和380 km · h-1共4个速度等级,验证本文模型在更高速度条件下的适用性。
由于本文模型的优化改进主要体现在对高速轮轨接触状态的模拟,因此选择轮轨作用力作为指标进行对比,结果见表1。由表1可以看出:本文模型计算的轮轨垂向力和轮轨横向力与实测结果均较为接近,其中轮轨垂向力在速度380 km · h-1时的计算误差ε达到最大值5.22%,轮轨横向力的计算误差则均小于5%,验证了本文模型适用于更高速度等级轮轨系统动力响应的计算。
为研究速度对车轨系统随机动力学响应的影响,在上述400 km · h-1速度工况的研究基础上,进一步计算325,350和375 km · h-1的车速工况下基于随机响应的概率密度演化分布获得响应指标的累积概率特征,图4为车体垂向振动加速度和轮轨垂向力在不同速度下的响应指标-累积概率分布特征。
由图4可以看出:随着车速的提升,车体垂向振动加速度和轮轨垂向力在相同累积概率水平下的响应指标逐步增大,亦可理解为在相同的响应水平下,随着车速的提升对应的累积概率(概率保证率)逐渐减小,即系统响应发生超限的可能性(概率)随车速的提高不断增加,其中车速从350 km · h-1提高至400 km · h-1时,车体垂向振动加速度累积概率99.9%对应的响应水平从0.241 m · s-2提升至0.270 m · s-2,轮轨垂向力累积概率99.9%对应的响应水平从129.2 kN提升至143.8 kN,即相同概率保证率下对应的随机动力响应水平分别提升了12.0%(车体垂向振动加速度)和11.3%(轮轨垂向力)。
4 结论
(1)基于实测高速轮轨接触数据修正了轮轨蠕滑模型特征参数,建立了适用于时速400 km及更高速度等级的车辆-轨道随机动力学分析模型。实车测试数据验证表明,本文模型在350~380 km · h-1速度等级下轮轨横向力的计算误差均小于5%,轮轨垂向力计算误差最大仅 5.22%,证明该模型可精准表征高速轮轨动态接触行为,为更高速度等级车辆-轨道动力学分析提供了可靠工具。
(3)车速影响分析表明,随着运行速度的提升,车辆-轨道系统的随机动力响应强度整体增加。车速由350 km · h-1提高至400 km · h-1时,在99.9%的可靠概率水平下车体垂向振动加速度响应水平从0.241 m · s-2增大至0.270 m · s-2,轮轨垂向力响应水平从129.2 kN增大至143.8 kN,即二者对应的随机动力响应水平分别增大了12.0%和11.3%。
(4)本文研究仅量化了400与350 km · h-1速度级下高速铁路车辆-轨道系统随机动力响应的数值差异,未来研究亟须深入揭示二者在动力学机理、系统耦合特性、关键约束阈值等层面的本质区别,同时须进一步强化研究成果的工程转化与应用,例如提出更高速度下扣件刚度优化、轨道不平顺控制标准等关键技术方案。
WANGTongjun, JIANGCheng. Research on Key Technologies for 400 km/h HSR Line Infrastructure [J]. China Railway, 2025 (6): 1-9. in Chinese
[3]
翟婉明.车辆-轨道耦合动力学[M].4版.北京:科学出版社,2015.
[4]
ZHAIWanming. Vehicle-Track Coupling Dynamics [M]. 4th ed. Beijing: Science Press, 2015. in Chinese
[5]
李杰,陈建兵,彭勇波.随机振动理论与应用新进展(第Ⅱ辑)[M].上海:同济大学出版社,2018.
[6]
LIJie, CHENJianbin, PENGYongbo. New Progress in Theory and Applications of Stochastic Vibration (Volume Ⅱ) [M]. Shanghai: Tongji University Press, 2018. in Chinese
ZHUZhihui, XIAYutao, WANGLidong, et al. A Parallel Computing Method for Three-Dimensional Random Vibration of Train-Track-Soil Dynamic Interaction Based on GPU [J]. Journal of Hunan University (Natural Sciences), 2021, 48 (7): 79-88. in Chinese
[9]
林家浩,张亚辉.随机振动的虚拟激励法[M].北京:科学出版社,2004.
[10]
LINJiahao, ZHANGYahui. The Virtual Excitation Method for Stochastic Vibration [M]. Beijing: Science Press, 2004. in Chinese
[11]
LUF, KENNEDD, WILLIAMF W. Symplectic Analysis of Vertical Random Vibration for Coupled Vehicle-Track Systems [J]. Journal of Sound & Vibration, 2008, 317 (1/2): 236-249.
[12]
ZHANGZ C, LINJ H, ZHANGY H. Non-Stationary Random Vibration Analysis for Train-Bridge Systems Subjected to Horizontal Earthquakes [J]. Engineering Structures, 2010 (11): 3571-3582.
[13]
ZHANGZ C, ZHANGY H, LINJ H, et al. Random Vibration of a Train Traversing a Bridge Subjected to Traveling Seismic Waves [J]. Engineering Structures, 2011, 33 (12): 3546-3558.
ZHANGYouwei, XIANGPan, ZHAOYan, et al. Efficient Random Vibration Analysis of 3D-Coupled Vehicle-Track Systems Based on Symmetry Principle [J]. Chinese Journal of Computational Mechanics, 2013, 30 (3): 349-355. in Chinese
[16]
LIJ, CHENJ B. Probability Density Evolution Equations - a Historical Investigation [J]. Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami, 2009, 3 (3): 209-226.
LIJie, CHENJianbing. Advances in the Research on Probability Density Evolution Equations of Stochastic Dynamical Systems [J]. Advances in Mechanics, 2010, 40 (2): 170-188. in Chinese
[19]
YUZ W, MAOJ F, GUOF Q, et al. Non-Stationary Random Vibration Analysis of a 3D Train-Bridge System Using the Probability Density Evolution Method [J]. Journal of Sound & Vibration, 2016, 366: 173-189.
[20]
MAOJ F, YUZ W. A Stochastic Dynamic Model of Train-Track-Bridge Coupled System Based on Probability Density Evolution Method [J]. Applied Mathematical Modelling, 2018, 59: 205-232.
[21]
XIAOX, YANY, CHENB. Stochastic Dynamic Analysis for Vehicle-Track-Bridge System Based on Probability Density Evolution Method [J]. Engineering Structures, 2019, 188: 745-761.
[22]
MAD K, SHIJ, YANZ Q, et al. Failure Analysis of Fatigue Damage for Fastening Clips in the Ballastless Track of High-Speed Railway Considering Random Track Irregularities [J]. Engineering Failure Analysis, 2021, 105897.
[23]
MADengke, WANGTongjun, YANZiquan, et al. Stochastic Dynamic Analysis of High-Speed Railway Vehicle-Track Systems Based on the Adaptive Probability Density Evolution Method [J]. Advances in Civil Engineering, 2025, 3883375.
[24]
MADengke, YANZiquan, SHIJin, et al. Stochastic Dynamic Analysis Based on a Refined Vehicle-Track Interaction Model Subject to the Random Parameters of Rail Fastening System [J]. Alexandria Engineering Journal, 2025, 133: 370-385.
[25]
XINL F, ZHANGJ X, YUZ W, et al. A Train-Bridge Stochastic Model Based on Deep Neural Network-Driven Probability Density Evolution Method [J]. Engineering Structures, 2025, 345, 121558.
CHANGChongyi, CHENBo, CAIYuanwu, et al. Experimental Study on Large Creepage Adhesion of Wheel/Rail Braking at 400 km · h-1 (Ⅳ)——Extremely Low Adhesion Characteristics and Adhesion Coefficient under Various Media Conditions [J]. China Railway Science, 2025, 46 (1): 149-156. in Chinese
HUXiaoyi, CHENGDi, MENGFandi, et al. Research on Safety Limit for Periodic Short Wave Irregularity of Wheel and Rail for High Speed Rail at Speed of 400 km · h-1 [J]. Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University, 2025, 60 (6): 1581-1592. in Chinese
TANShehui, LIZaiwei, SHIJin, et al. Influence of Track Profile Setting on Dynamic Behavior of High-Speed Railway Suspension Bridge with Kilometer Span [J]. China Railway Science, 2021, 42 (6): 58-67. in Chinese
[34]
LIUX Y, SHIJ, WANGY J. A Design Method for Rail Profiles Based on the Distribution of Contact Points [J]. Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization, 2023, 66 (10): 1-18.
[35]
POLACHO. Creep Forces in Simulations of Traction Vehicles Running on Adhesion Limit [J]. Wear, 2005, 258 (7): 992-1000.
MADengke, YANZiquan, SHIJin, et al. Dynamic Analysis model of Vehicle-Track-Bridge System at 400 km/h Based on Measured Parameters [J]. Journal of Central South University (Science and Technology), 2026, 57 (1): 452-463. in Chinese
[38]
LIJ, CHENJ B. The Principle of Preservation of Probability and the Generalized Density Evolution Equation [J]. Structural Safety, 2008, 30 (1): 65-77.