To reveal the distribution characteristics and variation laws of aerodynamic loads on high-speed trains (HSTs) when passing through complex terrain such as cutting-windbreak transition sections under crosswind conditions, this study establishes a coupled aerodynamic model of train-cutting-windbreak-wind based on Large Eddy Simulation (LES) and overset grid technology, and the accuracy of the numerical method is validated. Subsequently, the aerodynamic performance of a high-speed train passing through the cutting-windbreak transition section is systematically investigated under four wind angles of 0°, 30°, 60°, and 90°. On this basis, the unsteady characteristics of aerodynamic force and moment coefficients and the spectral characteristics of aerodynamic parameters of the head car under different wind angles are analyzed in both time and frequency domains. Furthermore, combined with the flow field characteristics at various wind angles, the most hazardous wind angle is identified, and the flow field mechanism responsible for the most severe aerodynamic load fluctuations at a wind angle of 60° is elucidated. The results indicate that: under a 0° wind angle, the side force coefficient is less affected by the cutting-windbreak transition section; under a 90° wind angle, significant fluctuations in the side force coefficient will only occur when the train passes through the transition section; while under 30° and 60° wind angles, substantial fluctuations in the train's side force coefficient appear before the train enters the transition section. The peak-to-peak values and average values of the aerodynamic performance parameters of the head car at a 60° wind angle are much higher than those at other wind angles. For the unsteady aerodynamic performance parameters of the head car, the peak frequencies fall within the range of 0 - 3 Hz at 0° wind angle; the amplitude peaks increase slightly at 30° wind angle; the main peak frequencies of the unsteady aerodynamic performance parameters are concentrated in the range of 0 - 5 Hz at 60° wind angle; and the amplitude peaks gradually decrease at 90° wind angle, which are significantly lower than those at 60° wind angle. Further flow-field analysis indicates that, the flow field variation is most severe at a wind angle of 60°, and the velocity variation, pressure non-uniformity, and vortex-structure evolution near the leading edge of the transition section are more pronounced at this angle, which is the main reason for the larger aerodynamic load fluctuations on the head car. The research results of this paper provide certain data references for enhancing the operational safety of HSTs in strong wind environments.
近年来不乏针对高速铁路路堑地形的研究。Liu等[7]以路堑为研究对象,分析路堑边坡坡度等对列车气动力的影响,指出当坡度在-0.67~0.67变化时,侧向力、升力和倾覆力矩的最大增加量分别为147%,44.3%和107%,且列车在下行线运行时路堑背风面地貌变化对气动性能的影响大于上行线。Zhao等[8]重点探讨了路堑深度对列车气动载荷变化和气动性能恶化的影响,结果表明当路堑深度为6 m时,头车所受的气动冲击能量最高,头车气动载荷的突变幅值与风速近似满足线性正相关关系。罗辑等[9]研究了列车在风速25 m · s-1的侧风作用下以300 km · h-1的速度进出路堑的空气动力学特性,指出头车的气动指标变化最为明显,因而头车的安全性是最差的。王娇等[10]研究了不同风场环境下路堑深度对列车气动性能的影响,发现深路堑相较于浅路堑升力峰值减小51%,横向力减小52%,侧滚力矩减小97%,摇头力矩减小92%。
模拟研究0°,30°,60°,90°这4种不同风向角侧风下高速列车通过路堑挡风墙过渡段时的气动性能及周围的流场特征,侧风风速为30 m · s-1,高速列车速度为200 km · h-1。由于列车在通过路堑挡风墙过渡段时的流场结构复杂,列车运行与突变风相互作用使得流场速度急剧增加,考虑空气的可压缩性,因此采用三维、非定常、可压缩湍流流动模型进行求解。
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