To accurately explore the distribution laws and propagation characteristics of the tunnel sound field with a vehicle body structure, and solve the problems of accuracy and efficiency in the simulation of the long-space sound field in tunnels, this paper establishes a finite element cutting model of the tunnel sound field with a vehicle body structure, and provides detailed modeling parameters such as mesh parameters, boundary conditions, material properties and sound source intensity. Based on the propagation characteristics of the long-space sound field inside the tunnel, a truncated model of the tunnel sound field is proposed; the accuracy of the simulation calculation of the truncated model is verified by comparison with the scaled model. The research results show that the three sound sources (wheel-rail, vehicle body panels and pantograph) all exhibit similar sound attenuation laws: the sound pressure level (SPL) decreases with increasing distance, the total SPL at the zero point in the longitudinal direction of the tunnel is the highest, and the attenuation is the fastest within 20 m; the SPL generally decreases with increasing frequency, with slight fluctuations in the middle frequency band; the SPL in the middle of the train is higher than that at both ends, and the closer to the sound source, the higher the SPL. The sound propagation laws of the three sound sources in the tunnel environment are highly consistent, indicating that the tunnel structure plays a dominant role in sound field distribution, and that the difference in sound source types has little impact on the attenuation trend. Among them, the vehicle body panel sound source is the dominant contributor to the reverberant field on the vehicle body surface under the combined excitation of multiple sound sources, with its contribution close to 100% in the frequency band above 500 Hz. The research results have guiding significance for noise control in tunnels.
修建隧道时考虑到其结构受力合理性和修建过程安全性,隧道断面一般设计为圆断面,且隧道纵向长度和横向长度的比例较大,使得在其内传播的声波有3个主要特点:①隧道采用圆的内轮廓(凹曲面),具有明显的声波聚焦效应,在横向造成声场不均;②横断面面积小,纵向长度大,声波在纵向反射次数多,混响效应明显;③壁面为混凝土,因隧道照明对光线反射率的要求,不能将衬砌表面处理成粗糙的表面,壁面光滑则吸声系数较小,声能难以消退。在声学上可以将隧道近似为具有刚性边界、管壁足够厚、横断面均匀的无限长波导管的模型,以此研究其简正频率和声压级沿纵向的衰减特性。Jiang等[8]通过理论分析指出,管道内低频声场以平面波为主,而中高频段则呈现复杂的模态分布。传统边界元法(Boundary Element Method,BEM)虽能处理中低频问题,但计算效率随频率升高急剧下降[9]。为突破频率限制,Li等[10]提出统计能量法(Statistical Energy Analysis,SEA)用于高频段预测,但其对结构细节的敏感性限制了精度。
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