Given the limits of existing classification methods for high-altitude dangerous rock masses along mountain railways in analyzing mechanical mechanisms and instability evolution processes, a classification method based on force-bearing mechanisms and instability evolution processes is proposed. On the basis of domestic and overseas research on dangerous rock mass classification methods, combined with field investigations, theoretical analyses and mechanical modeling of high-altitude dangerous rock masses along railways in southwest mountainous areas, this paper establishes a a multi-dimensional classification method integrating structural plane combination characteristics, mechanical states, and deformation evolution modes of collapsing dangerous rock masses; geological mechanical models and stability calculation formulas for various dangerous rock masses are constructed; conceptual models of instability evolution processes are developed; and the dominant mechanisms and failure paths of different types of dangerous rock masses are revealed. The results indicate that the proposed classification method categorizes high-position dangerous rock masses into six main types (toppling, sliding, shearing, sitting, falling, and isolated) and 11 sub-types (including tension cracking collapse, etc.), which accurately captures the instability nature of high-altitude dangerous rock masses under complex geological conditions by considering both structural characteristics and evolution mechanisms, thereby enhancing the objectivity and applicability of type identification. Through mechanical models and stability calculation equations, quantitative characterization of force-bearing modes and instability criteria for typical dangerous rock masses is achieved. By constructing conceptual models of the instability evolution processes, the complete stages (from initiation and development to final failure) and dominant controlling factors for various dangerous rock masses are clarified, and the typical failure paths and key influencing factors of different types of dangerous rock masses are revealed. The research findings provide technical support for mechanisms analysis, risk assessment, and precise prevention and control of high-altitude collapse and rockfall hazards along railways in southwest mountainous areas.
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