The WJ-8 fastener system is widely deployed on high-speed railway trunk lines in China with satisfactory overall service performance. Nevertheless, abnormal loosening of screw spikes under accidental hammer impact was found during track fine adjustment, posing potential hazards to the safe operation of high-speed railways. Aiming at this problem, this paper firstly investigates the fastening balance conditions of screw spikes under normal service conditions. Based on vibration theory, the mechanical variation of screw spikes subjected to hammer impact is analyzed, and the effects of key parameters including thread lead angle, equivalent friction coefficient and thread meshing force on the anti-loosening performance are evaluated. Accordingly, a theoretical calculation formula for characterizing the anti-loosening capacity of screw spikes is established. Furthermore, the finite element method is adopted to calculate the vibration response of screw spikes after hammer impact; meanwhile, a drop hammer test rig is designed and relevant impact tests are conducted. The results reveal that the decrease in fastening torque after hammer impact is the primary cause of spike loosening when the thread fails to achieve self-locking. The anti-loosening capability against hammer impact can be enhanced by increasing the thread meshing force, thread equivalent friction coefficient, contact friction coefficient and contact radius between flat washers and spikes, while reducing the thread lead angle, thread pitch diameter, vertical linear stiffness of threads, and contact stiffness between flat washers and spiral spikes. The critical loosening amplitude of WJ-8 fastener screw spikes is determined as 0.670 mm via high-speed photography, which deviates merely by 7.8% from the theoretical prediction, thereby validating the rationality of the proposed formula.
WANGFeng, XIAOJunheng, FANGHangwei, et al. Cause Analysis and Treatment Measures of Screw Spike Loosening of Fasteners in Shanghai-Hangzhou Passenger Dedicated Line and Research on Treatment Measures [J]. Railway Engineering, 2011, 51 (12): 99-101. in Chinese
[5]
GOODIERJ, SWEENYR. Loosening by Vibration of Threaded Fastenings [J]. Mechanical Engineering, 1945, 67: 794-800.
[6]
JUNKERG H. New Criteria for Self-Loosening of Fasteners under Vibration [J]. SAE Technical Paper Series, 1969, 1: 690055.
[7]
IBRAHIMR A, PETTITC L. Uncertainties and Dynamic Problems of Bolted Joints and Other Fasteners [J]. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 2005, 279 (3/4/5): 857-936.
[8]
NASSARS A, YANGX J, GANDHAMS V T, et al. Nonlinear Deformation Behavior of Clamped Bolted Joints under a Separating Service Load [J]. Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology, 2011, 133 (2): 021001.
[9]
YANGX J, NASSARS A, WUZ J, et al. Nonlinear Behavior of Preloaded Bolted Joints under a Cyclic Separating Load [J]. Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology, 2012, 134: 011206.
[10]
PAIN G, HESSD P. Experimental Study of Loosening of Threaded Fasteners Due to Dynamic Shear Loads [J]. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 2002, 253 (3): 585-602.
[11]
JIANGY Y, ZHANGM, PARKT W, et al. An Experimental Study of Self-Loosening of Bolted Joints [J]. Journal of Mechanical Design, 2004, 126 (5): 925-931.
WANGWei, XUHao, MAYue, et al. Self-Loosening Mechanism of Bolted Joints under Vibration [J]. Journal of Vibration and Shock, 2014, 33 (22): 198-202. in Chinese
[14]
DUJ G, QIUY Y, WANGZ Q, et al. A Three-Stage Criterion to Reveal the Bolt Self-Loosening Mechanism under Random Vibration by Strain Detection [J]. Engineering Failure Analysis, 2022, 133: 105954.
[15]
刘建华.轴向激励下螺栓连接结构的松动机理研究[D].成都:西南交通大学, 2016.
[16]
LIUJianhua. Research on the Loosening Mechanism of Bolted Joint Structures under Axial Excitation [D]. Chengdu: Southwest Jiaotong University, 2016. in Chinese
YUZetong, LIUJianhua, ZHANGChaoqian, et al. An Experimental Study on Self-Loosening of Bolted Joints under Axial Vibration [J]. Tribology, 2015, 35 (6): 732-736. in Chinese
[19]
ZADOKSR I, YUX. An Investigation of the Self-Loosening Behavior of Bolts under Transverse Vibration [J]. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 1997, 208 (2): 189-209.
[20]
LIUJ H, OUYANGH J, PENGJ F, et al. Experimental and Numerical Studies of Bolted Joints Subjected to Axial Excitation [J]. Wear, 2016, 346: 66-77.
[21]
LIUJ H, OUYANGH J, FENGZ Q, et al. Study on Self-Loosening of Bolted Joints Excited by Dynamic Axial Load [J]. Tribology International, 2017, 115: 432-451.
[22]
李维荣.螺纹紧固件防松技术和试验方法研究[D].合肥:合肥工业大学, 2005
[23]
LIWeirong. The Research of Technology to Prevent from Loosening and Method of Testing for Thread Fastener [D]. Hefei: Hefei University of Technology, 2005. in Chinese
ZHAOWeiping, GUOXinsuo, WANGNa, et al. Experimental Study on the Loosening of the Bolted Joints of a Transmission Tower under Transverse Vibration [J]. Journal of Vibration and Shock, 2025, 44 (2): 84-93. in Chinese
[26]
KARAMIŞM B, SELÇUKB. Analysis of the Friction Behaviour of Bolted Joints [J]. Wear, 1993, 166 (1): 73-83.
[27]
YOKOYAMAT, OLSSONM, IZUMIS, et al. Investigation into the Self-Loosening Behavior of Bolted Joint Subjected to Rotational Loading [J]. Engineering Failure Analysis, 2012, 23: 35-43.
CHENHaiping, ZENGPan, FANGGang, et al. Load Distribution of Bolted Joint [J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2010, 46 (9): 171-178. in Chinese
[30]
张荣炜.螺栓连接刚度建模及冲击载荷下松动响应分析研究[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学,2025.
[31]
ZHANGRongwei. Research on Bolted Joint Stiffness Modeling and Loosening Response Analysis under Impact Loads [D]. Harbin: Harbin Institute of Technology, 2025. in Chinese