1.Locomotive & Car Research Institute, China Academy of Railway Sciences Corporation Limited, Beijing 100081, China
2.China Academy of Railway Sciences Corporation Limited, Beijing 100081, China
3.Railway Science and Technology Research and Development Center, China Academy of Railway Sciences Corporation Limited, Beijing 100081, China
4.College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao Shandong 266071, China
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文章历史+
Received
Published
2025-11-03
2026-07-01
Issue Date
2026-10-28
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摘要
为探索典型轨道梁截面对高速磁浮列车-轨道梁系统动力响应的影响规律,基于UM与Simulink联合仿真平台,建立高速磁浮列车-轨道梁耦合动力学模型,研究工型、T型、Π型、V型和箱型5种典型轨道梁截面以及车速、轨道梁阻尼比、支座刚度对系统动力响应的影响。结果表明:磁浮列车在300 km · h-1运行条件下,各截面轨道梁的跨中垂向位移、跨中垂向加速度及车体垂向加速度均在规定限值范围内,其中T型截面轨道梁与工型截面轨道梁综合动力性能相对更优;随着车速增加,T型截面轨道梁在车速为350 km · h-1时出现动力响应峰值,工型截面轨道梁的动力响应则随速度增加而增大;阻尼比取值范围在0.03~0.08时,其对轨道梁位移和车体垂向加速度影响较小,跨中垂向加速度随阻尼比增大而降低,其中T型截面轨道梁的加速度峰值减小了0.472 m · s-²,工型梁的加速度峰值减小了0.264 m · s-²;支座刚度取值范围在10~1 000 MN · m-1时,随着支座刚度的增大轨道梁垂向加速度减小,但车体垂向加速度会一定程度增大。研究成果可为高速磁浮轨道梁的截面选型和结构参数设计提供理论支撑。
Abstract
In order to explore the influence of typical track beam cross-sections on the dynamic response of high-speed maglev train-track beam systems, a high-speed maglev train-track beam coupled dynamic model was established based on the UM and Simulink joint simulation platform. The effects of five typical track beam cross-sections (I-shaped, T-shaped, Π-shaped, V-shaped, box-shaped), speed, track beam damping ratio, and support stiffness on the system's dynamic response were systematically investigated. The results show that under the operating condition of 300 km · h-1, the mid-span vertical displacement, mid-span vertical acceleration of the track beam, and vertical acceleration of the train body for all cross-sections are within the specified limits, with the T-shaped and I-shaped track beam section having relatively better overall dynamic performance. As speed increases, the T-shaped beam exhibits a peak dynamic response at 350 km · h-1, while the I-shaped beam's dynamic response increases with speed. When the damping ratio is in the range of 0.03-0.08, it has little effect on track beam displacement and train body's vertical acceleration, but the mid-span vertical acceleration decreases with increasing damping ratio, with the T-shaped beam's acceleration amplitude decreasing by 0.472 m · s-2 and the I-shaped beam's acceleration amplitude decreasing by 0.264 m · s-2. When the support stiffness is in the range of 10-1 000 MN · m-1, the increase of support stiffness reduces the vertical acceleration of the track beam but can increase the train body's vertical acceleration to some extent. This study can provide theoretical support for the selection of track beam cross-sections and the design of structural parameters for high-speed maglev.
磁悬浮列车借助电磁力实现车体悬浮与前进,由于悬浮运行时与轨道梁之间存在间隙,消除了摩擦力,因此仅需较小驱动力即可高速运行。基于这种非接触的运行特性,常导型高速磁悬浮系统形成了独特的列车-轨道-桥梁结构,为保障其可靠性,需对系统平顺性及轨道桥结构动力性能进行评估[4-5]。试验与数值计算是常用方法。Han等[6]推导了3个自由度的简化车辆-导轨模型的耦合运动方程,对桥梁固有频率、阻尼比等因素对系统动力学的影响进行了数值和试验分析。Zhao等[7]研究了悬浮控制系统、柔性轨道梁的动态特性,并探索了车辆在悬浮控制系统作用下,悬浮间隙及轨道梁跨中垂向位移随磁悬浮列车速度的变化规律。Li等[8]建立了将比例-积分-微分(以下简称PID)主动悬架控制作为悬浮力的磁浮列车-桥梁-控制器耦合模型,计算和分析了中低速磁浮列车运行时桥梁和车身的垂直振动响应。Chen等[9]通过对不同刚度的轨道梁耦合系统进行动力学仿真与试验,研究了轨道梁刚度对耦合系统的振动响应影响。Li等[10]通过对不同刚度轨道梁垂直车桥耦合动力响应的研究,分析和验证了中低速磁浮列车对轨道梁的适应性。近年来,众多学者在磁浮列车-轨道梁耦合问题中开始重视地震、雨雪等极端外界环境对磁浮列车-轨道梁耦合振动的影响[11-17]。以往的研究侧重单一特定轨道梁截面工况下的中低速磁浮车桥耦合研究,对不同的典型轨道梁工况下的高速磁浮车-轨道梁耦合研究相对较少,对该方面开展研究,可以为600 km · h-1高速磁悬浮列车的车桥匹配提供可借鉴的研究方法,并提供理论支撑。
以往研究表明[7],在直线段,由于缺乏像离心力这样的强横向激励,并且轨道梁本身的横向刚度很大,使得其横向振动远比垂向振动要小。因此,针对直线梁,仅研究列车-轨道梁耦合系统的垂向动力响应。为对比高速磁浮列车通过不同截面轨道梁的列车-轨道梁耦合系统垂向振动响应,对磁浮列车以300 km · h-1速度通过跨度25 m的工型、T型、Π型、V型和箱型5种截面轨道梁的系统动力学响应进行仿真分析,得到不同截面轨道梁跨中位移和垂向加速度,其峰值见表3,时程曲线如图7所示。
分析图7(a)可知:当磁浮列车以300 km · h-1通过轨道梁时,5种轨道梁跨中垂向位移峰值均在5.2 mm规定限值内,Π型轨道梁垂向位移峰值最大,T型轨道梁垂向位移峰值最小。在进行轨道梁垂向动力响应分析时,引入标准差反映动力响应数据的波动程度,通过分析5种典型截面轨道梁的位移时程曲线可知:Π型轨道梁和箱型轨道梁的标准差较大,波动较剧烈;T型轨道梁和工型轨道梁的标准差较小,且T型轨道梁的位移大多集中在-0.5~0.5 mm之间,波动较小。因此,T型轨道梁的位移变化较为集中,动态响应最平稳;Π型轨道梁和箱型轨道梁的位移分散,相对不稳定。
分析图7(b)可知:T型截面轨道梁垂向加速度峰值最小,为0.292 m · s-2,Π型截面轨道梁垂向加速峰值最大,为0.456 m · s-2,并存在较多明显峰值。轨道梁垂向加速度标准差中T型轨道梁和工型轨道梁的标准差显著低于其他3种截面,垂向加速度波动较小;Π型截面轨道梁与V型截面轨道梁垂向加速度时程曲线均存在部分剧烈的峰值波动,动力响应较大,最大绝对值均处于较高水平,表明其在动载荷下更易产生强烈的振动。
分析图7(c)可知:当列车以300 km · h-1速度通过不同截面轨道梁时,车体垂向加速度峰值均在0.27~0.30 m · s-2范围内,差异不明显,其中通过工型和T型轨道梁时车体垂向加速度峰值相对较小,通过Π型轨道梁时车体垂向加速度峰值最大,为0.3 m · s-2;通过T型轨道梁时车体垂向加速度有较多峰值,而通过V型轨道梁时车体垂向加速度的标准差最小为0.0821 m · s-2,波动最平稳。
磁浮列车-轨道梁耦合系统过大的垂向动力响应会影响行车安全。按照CJJ/T 310—2021《高速磁浮交通设计标准》[21]要求,对于25 m跨度的单跨轨道梁,其竖向容许垂向位移为1/4 800,即要求轨道梁垂向位移峰值不超过5.2 mm;对于磁悬浮车体垂向加速度峰值不应超过0.5 m · s-2;磁浮列车轨道梁的垂向加速度没有标准设置值,参考相关文献[22],上海轨道梁跨中垂向加速度的瞬时峰值通常在1.0~2.5 m · s-²的范围内。
2.2 车速对系统动力响应的影响
通过2.1节分析可知,T型轨道梁和工型轨道梁的动力响应指标较好,因此本节以上述2种轨道梁为基础,分析车速对高速磁浮列车-轨道梁耦合系统的动力响应的影响规律。当列车以250,300,350和400 km · h-1速度通过时,轨道梁跨中垂向位移和垂向加速度以及车体垂向加速度的响应峰值见表4,响应峰值曲线如图8所示。
由图8可知:当磁悬浮列车以250~400 km · h-1的速度通过轨道梁线路时,轨道梁各项动力响应指标均在《高速磁浮交通设计标准》[21]规定限值范围之内,反映出2种轨道梁的磁悬浮列车-轨道梁耦合系统动力响应良好;当车速由300 km · h-1提高至350 km · h-1时,T型轨道梁跨中垂向位移峰值由1.307 mm增大至4.354 mm,增幅达3.047 mm,跨中垂向加速度峰值由0.212 m · s-2增大至0.425 m · s-2,增幅为0.213 m · s-2,且已接近0.5 m · s-2的限值要求;在350 km · h-1时列车-轨道梁耦合系统出现较大的动力响应,主要由于T型轨道梁截面抗弯与抗扭刚度相对较小,更适用于中低速磁浮线路;通过工型轨道梁截面时,轨道梁垂向位移峰值、轨道梁垂向加速度峰值和车体垂向加速度峰值随着速度的提高而增大,车体垂向加速度峰值从0.255 m · s-2上升至0.319 m · s-2,增幅约25%,当车速为400 km · h-1时车体垂向加速度峰值距离标准限值0.5 m · s-2有较大安全冗余,说明工型轨道梁更能适应高速磁浮线路。
2.3 轨道梁阻尼比对系统动力响应的影响
由于高速磁悬浮线路大部分是由预应力钢筋混凝土梁组成,因此本节主要研究预应力钢筋混凝土阻尼比变化对磁悬浮列车-轨道梁耦合系统的影响。参考相关文献[23],钢筋混凝土阻尼比在0.03~0.08范围内选择,在阻尼比从0.03变化到0.08时,其他参数不变,磁悬浮列车以300 km · h-1速度分别通过T型截面和工型截面轨道梁。通过磁悬浮列车-轨道梁耦合系统动力响应仿真计算,得到磁悬浮列车和轨道梁动力响应见表5,高速磁悬浮列车-轨道梁耦合动力响应指标随轨道梁阻尼比的变化如图9所示。
由表5和图9可知:当阻尼比取值范围在0.03~0.08时,T型轨道梁和工型轨道梁的跨中垂向位移峰值受轨道梁阻尼比变化的影响较小,T型轨道梁垂向位移峰值保持1.90 mm不变,工型梁垂向位移峰值保持1.52 mm不变;T型轨道梁和工型轨道梁的跨中垂向加速度峰值均随轨道梁阻尼比的增大而减小,T型轨道梁垂向加速度峰值减小0.472 m · s-2,工型轨道梁垂向加速度峰值减小了0.264 m · s-2;T型轨道梁的车体垂向加速度峰值随轨道梁阻尼比增大略有增加,增加了0.002 m · s-2,工型轨道梁的车体垂向加速度随轨道梁阻尼比增大略有减小,减小了0.001 m · s-2,增幅和减幅均较小。
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