To address the deterioration in the running stability of a maglev train caused by the abrupt cross-sectional variation at the tunnel civil defense door section, the aerodynamic performance of a medium-speed maglev train passing through the tunnel civil defense door was investigated based on the Improved Delayed Detached Eddy Simulation (IDDES) turbulence model. The propagation mechanism of pressure wave systems inside the tunnel was analyzed. The surface pressure fluctuation characteristics of the train body and the evolution of the surrounding flow field during the train passage through the civil defense door section were also investigated. Furthermore, the effects of the distance between the civil defense door and the tunnel portal, as well as the civil defense door dimensions, on the lateral aerodynamic force and frequency characteristics of the medium-speed maglev train were examined. The results indicate that as the train passes the civil defense door, the sudden cross-sectional change at the door position and the asymmetric structures on both sides cause the vortical structures along the train body to evolve from symmetric to asymmetric. These asymmetric vortices propagate downstream with the motion of the head carriage. The abrupt geometric change at the door edges stretches and disperses the vortices. By the tail carriage, the large-scale vortices break into multiple smaller vortices, resulting in an asymmetric pressure distribution. As the distance between the civil defense door and the tunnel portal increases from 100 m to 300 m, the lateral-force peak of the head carriage decreases first and then increases. In contrast, the lateral-force peak of the middle carriage continuously decreases, while that of the tail carriage shows only minor variation. During this change, the tail carriage dominant frequency rises from 1.96 Hz to 2.15 Hz. With the door size increasing from 4.4 m×5.0 m (width×height) to 4.8 m×5.4 m, the peak-to-peak lateral forces of the head and tail carriages gradually decrease. The peak-to-peak lateral force of the middle carriage first decreases and then increases. The tail carriage dominant frequency increases from 1.63 Hz to 2.15 Hz. These findings provide technical support for the design of medium-speed maglev trains and tunnel civil defense doors.
中速磁浮列车是一种运行速度范围为120~160 km · h-1的新型轨道交通制式。在当前对经济环保、安全舒适有着更高要求的背景下,磁浮列车因其运行平稳、噪音低、转弯半径小等特点,被认为是本世纪交通工具的发展方向之一。但是,随着设计时速的提高,一些在较低速度下被忽略的隧道空气动力学问题逐渐突显[1-2]。特别是磁浮列车通过隧道人防门位置时,人防门断面突变会影响列车气动性能,导致车内外压力变化超过相关标准要求[3],且在运行过程中存在明显的横向摆动,对行车造成极大安全隐患。
为验证数值计算方法的有效性,与文献[20]中某型市域动车组以160 km · h-1速度通过单线隧道的动模型试验结果进行对比。动模型试验中列车缩比为1∶16.8,编组为3节车,隧道净空面积为0.138 m2,隧道长度为50 m。建立与动模型线路长度、隧道大小和列车尺寸等一致的几何模型,同时对该计算模型采用前文所述的数值求解方法进行计算。动模型试验和数值计算所得头车车体表面测点的压力时程变化曲线及两者测点压力峰值对比如图8所示。从图8可以看出:两者压力时程曲线变化规律基本一致,压力峰峰值误差最大为3.91%,因此可以认为采用的数值计算方法能够满足研究要求。
3 磁浮列车通过隧道人防门时的气动特性
3.1 压力波系传播机理
磁浮列车通过隧道人防门等突变断面结构时,列车-人防门-隧道的耦合流场中会产生由压缩波与膨胀波组成的复杂压力波系。这些压力波在隧道内不断发生反射和叠加,不仅主导列车表面的瞬态压力分布,还影响列车运行的气动稳定性。为明晰磁浮列车通过人防门时隧道内压力波系的传播过程,图9展示了磁浮列车以160 km · h-1速度通过隧道人防门时隧道内压力波系传播过程和头车鼻尖测点的压力变化时程曲线。图9(a)中,为了使压力波传播图像更为清晰,后续其他因人防门的存在而产生的压力波系并未画出其在隧道端口反射后的压力波。
为了更直观地比较磁浮列车通过隧道人防门区域时车体表面的压力变化,图11给出了列车以160 km · h-1速度通过人防门时头车、中间车与尾车的表面压力及两侧压差时程曲线。从图11可以看出:头车进入人防门区域时,其两侧压力变化几乎同步,因此头车两侧的压差较小;随着列车继续前进,由于人防门两侧的非对称结构使得车体两侧逐渐形成非对称压力场,因此中间车两侧压力开始出现相位差,并沿车身向尾车传递;这种非对称性在尾车处最为明显,使得尾车表面压力呈现显著的左右非对称变化特征,因此尾车两侧的压差最大。
HeYi, YangCheng, YangZhigang, et al. Simulation study of aerodynamic noise of superconducting maglev trains in open air and tunnels[J]. Journal of Railway Science and Engineering, 2025, 22(2): 485-495.
WangChen, MaWeibin, HanJiaqiang, et al. Tunnel aerodynamic effect and variation law under different train speeds based on field experiments[J]. China Railway Science, 2024, 45(6): 158-167.
ChenYong, LiYang, ZuoJianyong, et al. Experimental study on aerodynamics of 120 km/h metro express line[J]. Journal of Railway Science and Engineering, 2024, 21(3): 1156-1167.
[7]
WangXiaofei, HuXiao, WangJukun, et al. Safety analysis of high temperature superconducting maglev train considering the aerodynamic loads under crosswinds[J]. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, 2023, 237(10): 2279-2290.
[8]
WuHan, ZengXiaohui, GaoDinggang, et al. Dynamic stability of an electromagnetic suspension maglev vehicle under steady aerodynamic load[J]. Applied Mathematical Modelling, 2021, 97: 483-500.
[9]
KwonS D, LeeJ S, MoonJ W, et al. Dynamic interaction analysis of urban transit maglev vehicle and guideway suspension bridge subjected to gusty wind[J]. Engineering Structures, 2008, 30(12): 3445-3456.
[10]
SakumaY, NakadeK, SuzukiM. An experimental investigation on the large-scale meandering flow structure causing FIV of high-speed trains running in tunnels[J]. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 2024, 254: 105899.
[11]
ChenXiaodong, LiuTanghong, ZhouXisai, et al. Analysis of the aerodynamic effects of different nose lengths on two trains intersecting in a tunnel at 350 km/h[J]. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 2017, 66: 77-90.
[12]
ChangChao, DingXin, SunZhuang, et al. A survey on the mechanism and countermeasures of low-frequency swaying of high-speed trains caused by aerodynamic loads[J]. Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, 2023, 126: 107162.
[13]
DiedrichsB, BergM, StichelS, et al. Vehicle dynamics of a high-speed passenger car due to aerodynamics inside tunnels[J]. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit, 2007, 221(4): 527-545.
[14]
WangTiantian, WuFan, YangMingzhi, et al. Reduction of pressure transients of high-speed train passing through a tunnel by cross-section increase[J]. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 2018, 183: 235-242.
[15]
IyerR S, KimD H, KimH D. Effect of air chambers on the compression wave propagating along a high-speed railway tunnel[J]. Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology, 2023, 37(2): 793-805.
[16]
HuangS, CheZ X, LiZ W, et al. Influence of tunnel cross-sectional shape on surface pressure change induced by passing metro trains[J]. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 2020, 106: 103611.
[17]
FangFengyan, LiuTanghong, XiaYutao, et al. Aerodynamic effects of trains circulating through a bifurcated tunnel[J]. Journal of Central South University, 2024, 31(3): 1017-1031.
[18]
LiWenhui, LiuTanghong, Martinez-VazquezP, et al. Aerodynamic effects of a high-speed train travelling through adjoining & separated tunnels[J]. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 2021, 113: 103973.
[19]
LiWenhui, LiuTanghong, Martinez-VazquezP, et al. Influence of blockage ratio on slipstreams in a high-speed railway tunnel[J]. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 2021, 115: 104055.
[20]
杨则云.地铁列车气动减阻技术与经济性评估研究[D].长沙:中南大学,2023.
[21]
YangZeyun. Research on aerodynamic drag reduction technology and economic evaluation of subway trains[D]. Changsha: Central South University, 2023.
[22]
XiongXiaohui, GengJiaxu, WangKaiwen, et al. Effect of wing height layout on the aerodynamic performance of high-speed train[J]. International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow, 2024, 34(10): 3731-3763.
[23]
European committee for standardization. BS EN 14067- 5: 2021. Railway applications-aerodynamics-part 5: requirements and assessment procedures for aerodynamics in tunnels [S].
[24]
张朵朵.市域列车越行地下车站气动效应及其对车体动态偏移量影响研究[D].长沙:中南大学,2024.
[25]
ZhangDuoduo. Study on the aerodynamic effect of suburban train crossing underground stations and its influence on dynamic offset[D]. Changsha: Central South University, 2024.
[26]
RFJ 02—2009 轨道交通工程人民防空设计规范 [S].
[27]
RFJ 02—2009 Code for Design on Civil Air Defence of Rail Transit [S].
[28]
LiZongpeng, PanYiming, CaoWenqiang, et al. Wake dynamics, the distribution and unsteady characteristics of pressure loads of the high-temperature superconducting maglev train[J]. Physics of Fluids, 2025, 37(11): 116117.
[29]
LiXiaobai, DemangeS, ChenGuang, et al. Linear stability and spectral modal decomposition of three-dimensional turbulent wake flow of a generic high-speed train[J]. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 2024, 1000: A64.