A2A adenosine receptor (A2AAR), an important member of class A G-protein-coupled receptors, plays a critical role in transmembrane signaling mediated by endogenous agonist adenosine and is involved in many important signal-regulatory processes. Using the anisotropic network model, we analyzed the mean-square fluctuations of residues in the inactive, intermediate, and active states of A2AAR in both fast and slow-motion modes, and found the key residues that contribute to the structural stability and function of A2AAR during its conformational changes. By examining the correlation and interaction of inter-residue pair motions, we investigated the correlation between the secondary structures and the important residues to maintain the structural stability in the A2AAR allosteric process. The findings of this study provide theoretical guidance for the study of related diseases and drug development.
在实验方面,Lebon等[5]通过比对A2AAR与不同激动剂结合的晶体结构,发现配体的腺苷部分以相同的方式与受体结合,并指出与不同配体结合过程中影响构象变化的关键残基及相互作用方式。Jaakola等[6]解析出A2A与拮抗剂ZM241385结合的复合物晶体结构,基于结构特性和残基间的相互作用方式确定了配体结合过程中的关键残基。随着A2AAR晶体结构被解析出,已成功地基于结构进行分子建模为A2AAR设计新的药物结构[7]。在理论方面,分子动力学(Molecular dynamics,MD)模拟在解决GPCRs里的配体结合和激活过程关键问题中取得了巨大贡献[8-9]。MARTÍNEZ等[10]应用MD方法对活性和非活性的A2AAR进行模拟,研究激活或失活过程中受体的结构特征,并揭示了受体激活过程中的关键残基。Lovera等[11]应用自适应采样的MD模拟与目标导向的评分函数建立马尔科夫状态模型(Markov state modelling,MSM)重构了A2AAR的激活途径同时分析了激活过程中关键残基的特征变化。MD模拟虽然能实现蛋白质发生功能性运动时的构像变化但计算量巨大,为解决这个问题,Brooks等[12]发展了粗粒化的正则模分析(Normal model analysis,NMA),并成功用于蛋白质运动模式的研究。Tirion[13]基于NMA提出了弹性网络模型(Elastic network model,ENM),并表明其计算精度不输于传统NMA方法且速度有所提升。Haliloglu等[14]对ENM做了进一步简化,提出了每一个氨基酸只考虑Cα原子的高斯网络模型(Gaussian network model,GNM),该模型将氨基酸简化为一个点,大大降低了计算量,能够计算体系更大的蛋白质。
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