In terms of the service performance deterioration of bridge piers in salt freeze-thaw environment, salt freeze-thaw cycles tests of damaged RC short columns were carried out, and the residual mechanical properties of RC short columns under different salt freeze-thaw cycles damages were obtained through axial compression tests. Based on this, a theory-data driven approach was adopted to propose a simulation model of the residual mechanical properties of damaged RC short columns after salt freeze-thaw cycles. According to the experimental and simulative results, as the number of salt freeze-thaw cycles increased, the damage location of RC short columns gradually shifted from the middle to the end, and the residual bearing capacity gradually decreased. Additionally, the cracks accelerated the decline of the residual bearing capacity of RC short columns. By comparing with the experimental results, the simulation approach can accurately reflect the distribution of the damage caused by salt freeze-thaw cycles and the axial pressure damage mode after salt freeze-thaw cycles, and the prediction accuracy of residual bearing capacity is more than 95%. Therefore, for existing piers in cold regions, a simulation approach can be used to guide the maintenance of the weak parts to ensure the long-term and stable operation of the bridge.
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