Sintered metallic nanoparticle materials are ideal electronic packaging materials. Accurately characterizing the thermal conductivity of the sintered metallic nanoparticle materials is vital for their design and application. To clarify the relationship between the microstructure and effective thermal conductivity of the sintered metallic nanoparticle composites, the numerical models of the microstructures were reconstructed using the truncated Gaussian method, and their thermal conduction behavior was simulated by lattice Boltzmann method. The effects of thermal conductivity ratio between different components, the feature size of dispersed phase in microstructures, volume fraction, and interface thermal resistance were systematically investigated. The results show that the effective thermal conductivity of sintered metallic nanoparticle materials increases with the thermal conductivity ratio and volume fraction, and decrease with the interface thermal resistance. For the low interface thermal resistances, the effective thermal conductivity initially increases and then decreases with the feature size of dispersed phase. For the high interface thermal resistances, the effective thermal conductivity monotonically increases with the feature size of dispersed phase.
在LBM中,求解域空间被离散成一系列的格子,演化时间被离散成一系列的时间步。通过求解离散的Boltzmann方程即可得到相应的物理场。针对多相复杂介质的等效热导率预测问题,Yang等[29]在以往的工作中提出了用于预测复杂介质等效热导率的双松弛时间(two-relaxion time, TRT)模型。不同的松弛时间导致LBM有不同的收敛速度,并且总是存在一个最优的松弛时间能使LBM以最快的速度收敛且不损失任何精度,该松弛时间被命名为LBM的最佳收敛参数。在该参数的取值下,LBM的计算效率相比传统LBM提高了2~3个数量级,使得大规模、系统性的数值模拟成为可能。该模型中温度分布函数的演化方程为
式中: x 为位置矢量;t为晶格时间;为D2Q9离散速度模型中的晶格速度;为时间步长;和分别为对称部分和反对称部分的松弛时间参数。下标和表示在D2Q9离散速度模型中2个相反的速度方向。平衡态温度分布函数表示为
SHAOSENS, CHEND Z, SRINIVASANK, et al. Experimental and artificial intelligence for determination of stable criteria in cyclic voltammetric process of medicinal herbs for biofuel cells[J]. International Journal of Energy Research, 2019, 43(11): 5983-5991.
[2]
OLABIA G, NASSEFA M, RODRIGUEZC, et al. Application of artificial intelligence to maximize methane production from waste paper[J]. International Journal of Energy Research, 2020, 44(12): 9598-9608.
[3]
LEEJ, LLERENA ZAMBRANOB, WOO J, et al. Recent advances in 1D stretchable electrodes and devices for textile and wearable electronics: materials, fabrications, and applications[J]. Advanced Materials, 2020, 32(5): 1902532.
[4]
HASHEMIS A, RAMAKRISHNAS, ABERLEA G. Recent progress in flexible-wearable solar cells for self-powered electronic devices[J]. Energy & Environmental Science, 2020, 13(3): 685-743.
XUK C, LUY Y, TAKEIK. Multifunctional skin-inspired flexible sensor systems for wearable electronics[J]. Advanced Materials Technologies, 2019, 4(3): 1800628.
[7]
SADRIB, GOSWAMID, SALA DE MEDEIROSM, et al. Wearable and implantable epidermal paper-based electronics[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2018, 10(37): 31061-31068.
[8]
KHANS, ALI S, BERMAKA. Recent developments in printing flexible and wearable sensing electronics for healthcare applications[J]. Sensors, 2019, 19(5): 1230.
DAVENPORTA, GURAV, RONCOC, et al. A wearable haemodialysis device for patients with end-stage renal failure: a pilot study[J]. The Lancet, 2007, 370(9604): 2005-2010.
[11]
SAMAD M IABD, KAYANIA A, ZOOLFAKARA S, et al. Lab-on-a-chip dielectrophoretic manipulation of beta-2 microglobulin for toxin removal in an artificial kidney[J]. Micro and Nanosystems, 2019, 11(1): 40-46.
[12]
HONGY J, JEONGH, CHOK W, et al. Wearable and implantable devices for cardiovascular healthcare: from monitoring to therapy based on flexible and stretchable electronics[J]. Advanced Functional Materials, 2019, 29(19): 1808247.
[13]
CHENC T, CHOEC, KIMD, et al. Effect of oxygen on microstructural coarsening behaviors and mechanical properties of Ag sinter paste during high-temperature storage from macro to micro[J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2020, 834: 155173.
[14]
KHAZAKAR, LOCATELLIM L, DIAHAMS, et al. Effects of mechanical stresses, thickness and atmosphere on aging of polyimide thin films at high temperature[J]. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 2013, 98(1): 361-367.
[15]
WANGQ, ZHANGS, LINT, et al. Highly mechanical and high-temperature properties of Cu-Cu joints using citrate-coated nanosized Ag paste in air[J]. Progress in Natural Science: Materials International, 2021, 31(1): 129-140.
[16]
LINZ Z, HUANGC L, ZHENW K, et al. Enhanced thermal conductivity of metallic nanoparticle packed bed by sintering treatment[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2017, 119: 425-429.
LIUS L I, YUENM C, WHITEE L, et al. Laser sintering of liquid metal nanoparticles for scalable manufacturing of soft and flexible electronics[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2018, 10(33): 28232-28241.
[21]
WALLACES G, BRADSHAWN P, WILLIAMSN X, et al. Combustion-assisted photonic sintering of printed liquid metal nanoparticle films[J]. Advanced Materials Technologies, 2022, 7(6): 2101178.
[22]
DENGS, ZHANGX, XIAOG D, et al. Thermal interface material with graphene enhanced sintered copper for high temperature power electronics[J]. Nanotechnology, 2021, 32(31): 315710.
[23]
ZHOUB, ZENGF B, JIANGX, et al. Thermal properties of low-temperature-sintered graphene/nano-silver paste for insulated gate bipolar transistor packages[J]. Journal of Electronic Materials, 2023, 52(7): 4979-4987.
[24]
WERESZCZAKA A, VUONOD J, WANGH, et al. Properties of bulk sintered silver as a function of porosity: ORNL/TM-2012/130[R]. Washington, DC: U.S.Department of Energy, 2012.
[25]
ZHANGZ Q, FUG C, WANB, et al. Research on sintering process and thermal conductivity of hybrid nanosilver solder paste based on molecular dynamics simulation[J]. Microelectronics Reliability, 2021, 126: 114203.
[26]
SONGS M, CHOS M. Voidless metal lines sintered with intense pulsed light and their applications as transparent metal-mesh electrodes[J]. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 2023, 303: 127821.
[27]
CHOIW, SHIF, LOWEM J S, et al. Rough surface reconstruction of real surfaces for numerical simulations of ultrasonic wave scattering[J]. NDT & E International, 2018, 98: 27-36.
[28]
ADLERP M, JACQUINC G, QUIBLIERJ A. Flow in simulated porous media[J]. International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 1990, 16(4): 691-712.
[29]
YANGM S, LIX Y. Optimum convergence parameters of lattice Boltzmann method for predicting effective thermal conductivity[J]. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, 2022, 394: 114891.
[30]
KRÜGERT, KUSUMAATMAJAH, KUZMINA, et al. The lattice Boltzmann method principles and practice[M]. Switzerland: Springer, 2017.
[31]
WANGM R, WANGJ K, PANN, et al. Mesoscopic predictions of the effective thermal conductivity for microscale random porous media[J]. Physical Review E, 2007, 75: 036702.
[32]
GINZBURGI. Equilibrium-type and link-type lattice Boltzmann models for generic advection and anisotropic-dispersion equation[J]. Advances in Water Resources, 2005, 28(11): 1171-1195.
[33]
HANK, FENGY T, OWEND R J. Modelling of thermal contact resistance within the framework of the thermal lattice Boltzmann method[J]. International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 2008, 47(10): 1276-1283.