环糊精聚轮烷的合成及其在聚合物中的应用

苏梓豪 ,  梅光凯 ,  张广昊 ,  周湘 ,  刘遵峰

离子交换与吸附 ›› 2025, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (04) : 317 -331.

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离子交换与吸附 ›› 2025, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (04) : 317 -331. DOI: 10.16026/j.cnki.iea.2025010054
综述

环糊精聚轮烷的合成及其在聚合物中的应用

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Cyclodextrin Polyrotaxanes: Synthesis And Applications

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摘要

聚合物在许多行业中发挥着关键作用,随着先进材料的不断变化,其需具备更优越的性能,特别是更高的强度和韧性,以满足先进材料的新需求。实现这些目标的方法之一是引入具有独特滑环交联机制的聚轮烷交联剂。这些环可以沿着分子链滑动,增强材料的力学性能,并有效增强各种聚合物体系。文章首先总结了环糊精聚轮烷的各种合成方法,并分析了它们之间的差异;其次介绍了聚轮烷交联剂的实际应用,包括水凝胶、热塑性聚氨酯、人造蜘蛛丝、聚合物黏合剂和刺激响应聚合物软材料;最后对聚轮烷交联剂的最新研究进展进行了简要的总结和展望。

Abstract

Polymers play a key role in across numerous industries, and the evolving requirements for advanced materials necessitate superior properties, especially higher strength and toughness. One approach to achieving these goals involves the introduction of polyrotaxane crosslinkers that feature a unique slide-ring crosslinking mechanism. These rings are allowed to slide along the molecular chains strengthening mechanical properties of materials, and it offers an effective enhancement strategy for various polymer systems. In this work, we summarize diverse synthesis methods of cyclodextrin polyrotaxane and analyze their differences in the first section. The practical applications of polyrotaxane crosslinkers are introduced in the following section, including hydrogels, thermoplastic polyurethane, artificial spider silk, polymer binders, and stimulus-responsive polymer soft materials. Last but not least, we provide a succinct conclusion and prospects of latest research progress of polyrotaxane crosslinkers.

Graphical abstract

关键词

聚轮烷 / 环糊精 / 滑环结构 / 合成 / 应用

Key words

Polyrotaxane / Cyclodextrin / Slide-ring Structure / Synthesis / Application

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苏梓豪,梅光凯,张广昊,周湘,刘遵峰. 环糊精聚轮烷的合成及其在聚合物中的应用[J]. 离子交换与吸附, 2025, 41(04): 317-331 DOI:10.16026/j.cnki.iea.2025010054

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1 前 言

聚轮烷是一种典型的机械互锁超分子体系,由一条线性聚合物链与多个环状分子组成,这种拓扑结构在构建复杂聚合物网络中展现出非凡的潜力[1-2]。其中,环糊精基聚轮烷凭借其成本低廉、环境友好及环结构的高度可修饰性等优势[3-4],已成为构建复杂拓扑网络结构的首选材料。自Harada等[5]于1992年开创性地报道了α-环糊精与聚乙二醇 (PEG) 形成的聚轮烷以来,该领域的研究已取得了显著进展,科学家们不断开发出多种高效的聚轮烷合成策略[6-9],旨在实现聚轮烷的高产率制备与覆盖率的精确调控。

聚轮烷凭借其独特的滑环交联机制,在力学性能上展现出相较于传统共价/非共价交联材料的显著优势。在外力作用下,聚轮烷中的环状分子能沿聚合物链滑动,这一过程不仅有效分散了集中应力,提高了材料的断裂强度,还通过滑动过程中的能量耗散机制显著增强了材料的韧性[10-12]。因此,滑环交联机制被视为一种有效的分子级强化与增韧技术,被广泛应用于凝胶[13-17]、仿蜘蛛丝结构聚合物[18-19]、聚氨酯[20-22]、黏合剂[23-25]及液晶弹性体[26]等多种先进材料体系中。此外,聚轮烷的滑环结构还具备可逆构象转变的特性[27-29],这一特性赋予了聚轮烷材料丰富的功能和巨大的应用潜力,特别是在刺激响应性材料领域[30-34]展现出广阔的应用前景。

本文首先系统地回顾了环糊精聚轮烷的结构特征、类型分类、合成路径以及覆盖率调控策略。其次,鉴于聚轮烷在材料增强与增韧领域的广泛应用,详细综述了利用聚轮烷提升材料性能的研究进展。同时,对聚轮烷在刺激响应性柔性智能材料中的创新应用进行了总结和讨论。最后,展望了环糊精基聚轮烷未来潜在的应用方向,并分析了其面临的挑战,旨在为相关领域的研究者提供有价值的参考与启示。

2 环糊精基聚轮烷的结构与合成

2.1 环糊精基聚轮烷的分子结构

环糊精 (Cyclodextrin, CD) 是一类由吡喃葡萄糖单元经α-1,4-糖苷键首尾相连而成的环状低聚糖,展现出标志性的桶状结构,其显著特点为开口端的尺寸不一及内腔的疏水性与外壁的亲水性[35]。依据所含葡萄糖单元数量的不同,环糊精可划分为α、β及γ 3类 (图1(a)),其相应的内径分别为0.57、0.78及0.95 nm[36]。这种独特的结构赋予了环糊精与多种客体分子进行特异性识别组装的能力。它不仅能有效识别小分子并与其进行自组装[37],还能与大分子链构建出准聚轮烷 (Pseudopolyrotaxane, PPR) 结构[38],具有广泛的应用潜力。

聚轮烷 (Polyrotaxane, PR) 是一种机械互锁聚合物[39],由Harada等[5]研究者于1992年首次提出。聚轮烷由一条线性聚合物链和多个环状分子组成,这些环状分子通过主客体相互作用稳定地结合在线性链上,并由一个大体积的端基充当“塞子”,以有效防止环状分子滑脱[39](图1(b))。根据环状分子与线性聚合物链的结合方式不同,聚轮烷可分为主链型聚轮烷、侧链型聚轮烷以及通过机械键直接结合至主链的聚轮烷 (图1(c)),其中主链型聚轮烷被用来深入研究互锁结构影响材料特性的机制[2]。以环糊精为环状主体分子的聚轮烷被称为环糊精基聚轮烷。

2.2 环糊精基聚轮烷的合成

为高效合成聚轮烷,精确匹配环糊精内径与客体聚合物链的尺寸至关重要:环糊精内径过大会使聚合物链难以穿越环糊精的空腔,过小则难以与聚合物链形成稳定的相互作用[41]。针对不同类型的环糊精,已开发出多种适配的聚合物链。α-环糊精 (α-CD) 能与多种聚合物链形成稳定的聚轮烷结构,包括PEG[5]、聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)[42]、聚己内酯 (PCL)[43]、聚 (L-乳酸) (PLLA)[44]、ε-聚赖氨酸 (ε-PL)[45]等。β-环糊精 (β-CD) 可与聚丙二醇 (PPG)[46]、聚苯胺 (PANI)[47]等形成聚轮烷。γ-环糊精 (γ-CD) 较大的内径允许更多种类的聚合物链进入并与之结合,如聚乙烯醇 (PVA)[48]、聚醋酸乙烯酯 (PVAC)[49]、聚碳酸酯 (PC)[49]、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯 (PMMA)[49]、聚异丁烯 (PIB)[50]、聚二甲基硅氧烷 (PDMS)[51]等。其中,α-CD与PEG形成的聚轮烷因研究最为深入、应用最为广泛而备受关注。这不仅为聚轮烷的合成提供了宝贵的经验,也为新型聚轮烷的开发奠定了坚实的基础。

1992年,Harada等[5]首次提出PEG能穿越α-CD的空腔,形成聚轮烷结构。他们以α,ω-二胺-聚乙二醇 (PEG-BA) 作为客体分子,以2,4-二硝基氟苯 (DNFB) 作为封端剂,成功合成了聚轮烷。科学家们基于PEG-BA这一体系,尝试使用不同的封端剂合成聚轮烷,如荧光素5(6)-异硫氰酸酯[52]、苦基磺酸钠[53]以及N-苄氧羰基-L-酪氨酸[54]等。然而,PEG-BA的合成过程较为复杂,需经过多步反应才能获得,这在一定程度上限制了聚轮烷的规模化生产和应用。因此,科学家们开始寻求以聚乙二醇衍生物作为客体的新方法,以期简化聚轮烷合成步骤,提高其合成效率。

2003年,Zhao等[55]以α,ω-二甲苯磺基-聚乙二醇 (PEG-OTs) 作为客体分子,以3,5-二甲基苯酚作为封端剂,成功合成了3,5-二甲基苯酚封端的聚轮烷 (图2(a))。2005年,Araki等[56]以二羧基化的聚乙二醇 (PEG-COOH) 作为客体分子,以金刚烷胺作为封端剂,成功合成了金刚烷胺封端的聚轮烷 (图2(b))。PEG-COOH可通过PEG的一步TEMPO介导氧化反应简便地制得,且该过程中末端羟基的转化率高达95%,这一高转化率为聚轮烷的合成提供了便利。2015年,Jiang等[57]使用二双键修饰的聚乙二醇 (PEG-AC)作为客体分子,以巯基修饰的环糊精作为封端剂,通过硫醇-烯迈克尔加成反应在水溶液中用“一锅法”合成了聚轮烷 (图2(c))。

2.3 低覆盖率环糊精基聚轮烷的合成

大覆盖率的聚轮烷的结构特性会显著限制环状分子在聚合物链上的自由滑动[58],从而影响其在力学与驱动应用中的性能。因此,可控地制备低覆盖率的环糊精基聚轮烷变得尤为重要。在PEG与α-CD的组装过程中,相邻的α-CD分子之间易通过氢键作用聚集[41],这种聚集现象会导致伪聚轮烷分子在水中形成沉淀,虽然便于分离和收集,但此方法却难以从中获得低覆盖率的环糊精基聚轮烷。为克服这一难题,研究者们需开发新的策略,以控制PEG与α-CD之间的相互作用,避免环糊精过度团聚,从而实现低覆盖率环糊精基聚轮烷的可控合成。

一锅法是一种有效的合成低覆盖率环糊精基聚轮烷的策略,先在水溶液中一锅合成粗制聚轮烷,随后通过水透析纯化,制备出具有低覆盖率的环糊精基聚轮烷。Fleury等[59]将PEG-BA (20000 g·mol-1) 与α-CD置于水中于35 ℃下自组装,以苦基磺酸钠作为封端剂,得到覆盖率为1.8%的聚轮烷 (图3(a))。Song等[60]将PEG-AC (4000 g·mol-1) 与α-CD置于水中自组装,30 min后加入谷胱甘肽封端,得到覆盖率为2.2%的聚轮烷 (图3(b))。Jiang等[7]将PEG-BA(10000、20000、30000 g·mol-1) 与 (2-羟丙基)-α-CD置于水中自组装,N-α-苯甲氧酯-L-谷氨酰胺酰-甘氨酸 (Z-Gln-Gly) 在转谷氨酰胺酶催化下进行封端反应,得到覆盖率为2%的聚轮烷,产率高达90% (图3(c))。

研究者们还通过增加PEG端基位阻控制PEG与α-CD间的相互作用,从而降低聚轮烷的覆盖率。Kato课题组[58]通过在PEG-COOH(32000 g·mol-1) 的端基上额外引入2个甲基,有效提升了位阻。随后,在水中自组装形成的伪聚轮烷在DMF中与金刚烷胺进行封端反应,制得了覆盖率为5%的聚轮烷 (图3(d))。还有研究者通过改变CD/PEG的初始比例和络合环境得到低覆盖率环糊精基聚轮烷。Sun课题组[18]将PEG-OTs (35000 g·mol-1)与α-CD置于水中于30 ℃下自组装,随后伪聚轮烷在DMF中与3,5-二甲基苯酚发生封端反应,通过控制CD/PEG的初始比例得到覆盖率为1%~7%的聚轮烷(图3(e))。

3 聚轮烷对高聚物力学性能的改善

3.1 水凝胶材料

水凝胶是一种以水为溶剂的聚合物网络,因聚合物浓度较低且网络结构不均匀而展现出较低的力学强度[61]。因此,聚轮烷分子常常作为滑环交联剂被引入高分子凝胶材料,以构筑结构均匀的动态拓扑高分子凝胶网络,从而提高材料的力学强度与韧性。同时,基于环糊精聚轮烷的滑环交联机制,滑环交联凝胶可分为以聚轮烷为主体的凝胶材料 (滑环凝胶) 和以聚轮烷为交联剂的凝胶材料。

Okumura等[62]首次合成了滑环凝胶,其通过对聚轮烷上的环糊精进行化学交联,成功制备出了透明的滑环凝胶。在这种凝胶中,环糊精之间形成了独特的“8”字形交联结构,环状分子可在客体聚合物链上滑动,从而有效地分散应力,使滑环凝胶形成有别于传统固定交联凝胶的独特性质。在后续的研究中,Kato课题组[58]发现聚轮烷的覆盖率对滑环凝胶的延展性有显著影响。当交联剂用量相同时,覆盖率为25%的滑环凝胶最多拉伸至原长的2.8倍,而覆盖率为5%的滑环凝胶最多可拉伸至原长的10倍。这是因为覆盖率为25%的PR环密度过高,阻碍了环糊精的滑动;而覆盖率为5%的PR的环糊精能在客体聚合物链上充分滑动 (图4(a))。基于上述发现,该课题组以覆盖率为2%的聚轮烷[7]为主体相互交联形成快速自增强滑环水凝胶[63]。在反复拉伸与释放的过程中,该水凝胶的裸露PEG链构建的密堆积结构能动态地形成和被破坏,实现了PEG的应变诱导结晶。这一机制赋予了滑环水凝胶近乎100%的快速恢复能力,并实现了6.6~22 MJ/m³的优异韧性表现 (图4(b))。

由于环糊精具有多个羟基,环糊精基聚轮烷能通过简单的基团修饰作为交联剂融入凝胶网络结构中,滑环动交联点的滑动有助于耗散能量和分散应力,从而提高材料的力学性能。Zheng等[64]报道了一种以聚轮烷为交联剂,具有优异自恢复性能的金属超分子水凝胶。聚轮烷交联剂与丙烯酸和丙烯酰胺单体在水中共聚,随后在FeCl3溶液中浸泡形成配位键 (图4(c))。与传统的固定交联的凝胶相比,滑环交联凝胶表现出更优异的自恢复特性,其残余应变消失较早,力学性能恢复更快,静置1000 min后模量恢复至100%。聚轮烷交联剂还可应用于胶原蛋白水凝胶中。Tamura等[65]使用聚轮烷对胶原水凝胶进行后交联处理,通过羧基化聚轮烷与胶原蛋白分子中的氨基发生反应,实现了高效的交联 (图4(d))。与使用羧甲基纤维素 (CMC) 或N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺 (NHS) 进行化学交联的胶原水凝胶相比,滑环交联的胶原水凝胶表现出更优异的溶胀性能、力学强度和细胞黏附性。部分研究者以主链丙烯酸酯化的伪聚轮烷作为交联剂,在共聚过程中完成封端。Zheng等[66]将丙烯酸酯化β-CD (CD-AC) 与丙烯酸酯化石胆酸(LCA-AC) 组装形成PPR交联剂,并在含氯化胆碱 (ChCl) 的乙二醇/水二元体系中,通过光引发聚合反应,将PPR交联剂与丙烯酰胺 (Am) 单体结合,成功制得导电性能优异的用于可穿戴传感器的水凝胶 (PR-Gel) (图4(e))。其中,β-CD和LCA单元之间的动态连接不仅赋予了PR-Gel出色的拉伸性 (可拉伸至830%),而且在高达300%的应变下循环500次后,仍能保持低滞后性,凸显了其卓越的抗疲劳性能。基于PR-Gel的应变传感器的应变系数为8.53,能灵敏地检测和区分大幅度身体运动和细微肌肉活动的各种信号。

3.2 仿蜘蛛丝结构聚合物材料

蜘蛛丝是一种天然生物纤维,具有出色的力学与热学性能,包括高拉伸强度和韧性[67]、高导热性[68]、超收缩[69]和独特的扭转旋转驱动[70]。蜘蛛丝的优异力学性能归因于其层次结构,包括蜘蛛丝 (蜘蛛丝蛋白) 的一级和二级结构 (β-折叠和α-螺旋)、纳米原纤维、核壳和纳米渔网结构[71-73] (图5(a))。受天然蛛丝多层次结构的启发,已有研究者制得了具有类似天然蛛丝结构的性能优异的人造功能纤维。迄今为止,科学家们已模仿蜘蛛丝的二级结构、核壳结构和纳米渔网结构等制备出了高强韧[18,74-76]和功能性[77-78]的人造聚合物纤维。

Zhen等[19]以纤维素纳米晶交联的坚固渔网状结构模拟β-片层纳米微晶的功能,同时以基于聚轮烷的可滑动机械联锁网络模拟蜘蛛丝中β-链的耗散黏滑运动 (图5(b))。所制备的纤维展现出了千兆帕级别的拉伸强度、超过60%的延展性以及高达420 MJ·m-³的韧性。Sun等[18]将丙烯酸酯化聚轮烷掺入聚丙烯酸 (PAA) 水凝胶纤维中得到高强韧的人造蛛丝,强度可达1.61 GPa,韧性为466 MJ·m-3,超越了达尔文蜘蛛丝 (图5(c))。同时,该人造蛛丝还展现出了优异的超收缩性能,实现了1.89 kJ·kg-1的做功能力和82%的驱动行程。PR交联剂提高了纤维的力学和循环性能,通过CD滑动过程中的应力分散机制增强了纤维的韧性。此外,在纤维的拉伸-释放循环中,PR纳米滑轮不仅促进了聚合物链的进一步取向,还诱导形成了类似蜘蛛丝的核壳结构,其中壳呈现的褶皱结构进一步提升了纤维的强度和韧性。

3.3 热塑性聚氨酯

聚氨酯由Bayer等[80]首次提出,具有良好的力学性能、耐腐蚀性和易加工性[81-85]。其中,自愈合聚氨酯因其在使用过程中能自主修复机械损伤的特性,引起了研究界的广泛关注[86-88]。设计自愈合聚氨酯的一种方法是在聚氨酯主链中引入可逆键[81],材料通过可逆键的断裂和重组实现自愈。此外,在聚氨酯中引入滑环交联点,利用滑环交联剂中环沿聚合物链的可逆滑动特性,能进一步改善材料的力学性能。

Du课题组[20]利用部分甲基化聚轮烷与丁二醇作为共同扩链剂,成功制得了滑环交联聚氨酯弹性体 (PR-SS)。该弹性体展现出了优异的性能,包括高达1060%的断裂伸长率以及60 ℃下91%的自修复效率。同时,他们还合成了与PR-SS模量相近的聚氨酯弹性体PU-SS,并以此为基底层,将PR-SS作为结合层嵌入银纳米线,构建出了一种新型的可拉伸导体 (图6(a))。该导体在190%应变下的传感性能比无PR-SS结合层的导体高出2倍,60 ℃时其电修复效率可达97%。随后,该课题组将四重氢键单元脲基嘧啶酮 (UPy) 同时引入聚轮烷侧基和聚氨酯主链上,制备出高韧性和自修复的弹性体[21] (图6(b))。滑环交联的滑轮效应和四重氢键的综合作用使聚氨酯表现出优异的力学性能和自修复能力,包括2900%的拉伸应变和77.3 MJ·m-3的韧性,其断裂能为127.2 kJ·m-2,室温下愈合效率可达91%。Wang等[22]以滑环交联的聚氨酯为结合层,制备出了性能优良的层状纳米复合材料 (图6(c))。通过在聚氨酯基底与磺化石墨烯纳米片之间引入该结合层,利用滑环交联、多重氢键以及互穿网络的综合作用,显著增强了层状纳米复合材料的力学性能与韧性。该材料表现出高强度 (22.33 MPa)、高韧性 (219.08 MJ·m-3)、高拉伸性 (1900%) 和优异的自修复能力(99.7%)。

3.4 聚合物黏结剂

硅 (Si) 因其作为负极时的高比容量受到科学家们的广泛关注[89]。然而,硅负极在经历反复的充放电循环过程中,硅颗粒的体积显著膨胀,极易导致电极结构稳定性受损,进而引发比容量急剧衰退[90]。科学家们发现,选用合适的黏结剂可大大提高硅负极的循环寿命[91]

Choi课题组[23]在传统的PAA黏结剂中加入质量分数为5%的聚轮烷交联剂。在黏结剂中,环可沿聚合物链滑动,大大降低了聚合物网络上的张力,使聚合物网络具有高弹性 (图7(a))。将该黏结剂应用于负极上的硅颗粒,能使其保持聚集状态而不发生解体,显著提升了硅负极的稳定性。这使得硅微粒负极在商业应用条件下具备良好的循环寿命,经50次循环后,仍能保持98%的初始比容量。在后续的工作中,Cho课题组[24]进一步优化了聚轮烷-聚丙烯酸黏结剂体系,通过添加1-芘甲醇实现了对碳涂层SiO x (c-SiO) 的功能化 (图7(b))。在此体系中,芘部分与碳表面形成了π-π相互作用,而羟基部分则促进了与PAA的氢键结合,从而在不影响碳涂层电性能的前提下,增强了材料的界面相互作用。这种π-π堆叠与滑环交联的协同作用,极大地提升了电极的循环稳定性,基于Py-c-SiO-PRPAA的电极在经历250次循环后,仍保持高达92.6%的比容量。Zhen等[25]通过可逆硼酸酯键将聚丙烯酸与羟丙基化聚轮烷交联,成功制备出一种水溶性聚合物黏结剂(图7(c))。该黏结剂的三维交联网络结构不仅有效限制了硅颗粒的运动,还能在高温条件下适应硅颗粒的高体积膨胀。将此黏结剂应用于硅负极,在55 ℃的温度及1.4 A/g的电流密度下,硅负极经历500次循环后仍能展现出1056 mA h/g的高放电比容量,且每次循环的容量衰减率仅为0.10%,彰显了其优异的循环稳定性和高温适应性。

3.5 其他聚合物材料

聚轮烷交联剂在很多聚合物材料中都能起到改善材料力学性能的作用。Choi等[26]将丙烯酸酯化的聚轮烷交联剂引入液晶弹性体 (LCE) 网络中,在不影响LCE热致形变性质的同时提高了LCE的韧性和阻尼性能。Seo等[92]以叔胺化聚轮烷作为超分子促进剂,在不降低反应速率的同时提高了环氧树脂的交联密度和延展性。 Ishigami等[93]以马来酸酐 (SSM) 作为增溶剂,将聚轮烷与PMMA共混,共混物比PMMA断裂伸长率提高2.5倍,抗冲击强度提高60%,但表面硬度仅降低15%。

4 刺激响应性柔性智能材料

4.1 光响应性柔性智能材料

聚轮烷由一条聚合物链和多个环状分子组成,环状分子和聚合物链通过主客体相互作用结合,将滑环结构与其他刺激响应性结构结合,在外界条件刺激下,滑环结构能发生自发的构象转变,这是构建刺激响应性材料的基础。

Liao等[94]利用环状分子和聚合物链的主客体相互作用,成功地将光响应性偶氮苯化合物嵌入PEG主链上的CD的空腔中,进而构建出一种三元系统水凝胶 (图8(a))。其中,偶氮苯化合物在紫外光和可见光照射下的交替构型转变会直接影响CD之间的分子间作用力,引起聚合物主链的构象变化和可逆的溶胶-凝胶转换。Ikejiri等[95]通过[c2]菊花链交联的4臂PEG,制备出了光响应无溶剂人工肌肉 (图8(b))。该人工肌肉的驱动机制源于二苯乙烯单元的光致异构化:在紫外光照射前,反式二苯乙烯分子作为障碍物限制了α-CD的移动;在紫外光照射后,转变为顺式的二苯乙烯则允许α-CD顺利通过,进而引发α-CD单元在聚合物链上的滑动,导致聚合物整体收缩,展现出优异的光控驱动性能。Zhang等[96]基于碳点与苯、萘2种发光体修饰的PEG之间的主客体相互作用,报道了一种光可逆多色室温磷光聚轮烷 (图8(c))。该聚轮烷系统通过二芳基乙烯的光致异构化过程,实现了对磷光特性的可逆调控。

4.2 机械响应性柔性智能材料

Khang等[97]将萘二酰亚胺封端的聚轮烷交联剂融入含有罗丹明机械单元的聚氨酯基质中,成功制得了一种兼具超快形状记忆效应与可逆比例机械变色荧光切换功能的弹性体材料。仅添加质量分数为1%的聚轮烷 (PR) 交联剂,便可显著增强该弹性体的力学性能,展现出高达6000%的应变能力及16 MPa的拉伸强度。Zhang等[98]以PR作为交联剂,甲基丙烯酸2-(2-甲氧基乙氧基) 乙酯、丙烯酸酯改性苝二酰亚胺(PDI) 作为聚合单体,通过自由基共聚的方法成功制得了力致变色的滑环弹性体 (图9(a))。受益于PR交联剂所特有的长距离可逆滑动特性,以及PDI分子在力作用下发生的可逆二聚体至单体的转化,该弹性体不仅展现出了卓越的力学性能,还实现了高度可逆的机械响应荧光变化 (图9(b))。

4.3 热响应性柔性智能材料

Imran课题组[30]以丙烯酸酯化聚轮烷作为交联剂,通过N-异丙基丙烯酰胺 (NIPA) 与丙烯酸钠的共聚反应,成功制得了一种兼具温度和pH敏感性的高度可拉伸水凝胶 (图10(a))。PR交联剂的引入显著增强了传统聚电解质水凝胶的力学性能,同时保持了其原有的特性不受影响。在后续工作中,该课题组将聚 N-异丙基丙烯酰胺 (PNIPA) 接枝到PR的环糊精上,制得了温敏凝胶。所得凝胶对温度变化表现出快速响应的特点 (图10(b))。Kureha等[100]基于温度可调控环糊精的聚集/解聚状态,利用聚轮烷作为交联剂,设计并制备出了温度和pH双重响应的微凝胶(图10(c))。在沉淀聚合过程中,引入PR交联剂,有效降低了机械交联结构的崩解风险,确保了微凝胶的稳定性和功能性。

5 总结与展望

本文综述了近年来环糊精基聚轮烷在聚合物材料中的应用进展。从滑环交联点对聚合物力学性能的改善作用出发,介绍了聚轮烷在不同材料中的应用。鉴于滑环结构在外界刺激下能发生构象转变的特性,本文还深入探讨了聚轮烷在刺激响应性柔性智能材料领域的潜在应用。环糊精基聚轮烷的机械互锁结构和独特的滑环机制能通过环在聚合物链上的滑动有效平衡应力、耗散能量,同时环糊精上丰富的羟基位点易于化学修饰,这两大优势为其在聚合物材料中的广泛应用奠定了基础。含滑环交联点的聚合物材料总是表现出更优异的力学性能,如更高的韧性、更高的拉伸性、更高的强度等。

展望未来,尽管环糊精基聚轮烷具有广阔的应用前景,但其大规模可控制备仍是实际应用中的一大挑战。精确调控环糊精基聚轮烷的环数、环分布及环修饰以实现合成过程的可控,是当前面临的一大难题。此外,现有封端反应中广泛使用的N,N-二甲基甲酰胺溶剂成本高且对环境不友好,而水中透析去除杂质等后处理过程则耗时较长,这些因素均限制了其大规模生产。因此,迫切需要开发环境友好、高效的聚轮烷合成工艺。在基础研究方面,目前聚轮烷的滑轮效应主要通过力学性能测试体现,已有研究者通过分子动力学模拟研究滑环交联点的滑动行为,但缺乏有效的表征手段来全面揭示滑动行为。

总体而言,环糊精基聚轮烷作为一类独特的拓扑结构材料,既展现出显著的优势,也面临一定的局限性。通过深入挖掘其拓扑结构特性,解决非拓扑结构材料所面临的问题,有望为聚轮烷的广泛应用开辟新的道路。

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基金资助

国家自然科学基金(52350120)

国家自然科学基金(52090034)

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