The article prepared sodium silicate-modified sludge-based hydrothermal carbon (CDHC-0.5) by a one-step hydrothermal method and investigated its synergistic adsorption performance and mechanism for Cu(Ⅱ) and tetracycline (TC). Sodium silicate modification can significantly optimize the pore structure of hydrothermal carbon. CDHC-0.5 not only has a high specific surface area (68.99 m²/g), but also contains various functional groups such as hydroxyl, carboxyl, and silicate. In a dual-component system, when the pH is 5.0, the adsorption capacities of CDHC-0.5 for Cu(Ⅱ) and TC are 1.595 mmol/g and 0.431 mmol/g, respectively, which are 20.20% and 112.32% higher than those in single-component systems, indicating a significant synergistic adsorption effect. The study shows that the adsorption behaviors of both pollutants conform to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Thermodynamic parameter analysis confirms that the adsorption process is a spontaneous endothermic process. In addition, CDHC-0.5 has a high selective adsorption capacity for Cu(Ⅱ), with a distribution coefficient of 3569.9 mL/g, and the adsorption capacity remains above 82% of the initial adsorption capacity after five cycles. Based on the characterization results before and after adsorption, the article clarifies the adsorption mechanism of Cu(Ⅱ) and TC, which mainly includes electrostatic attraction and functional group complexation, the precipitation reaction of silicate with Cu(Ⅱ), and the metal bridging effect of Cu(Ⅱ), all of which jointly enhance the synergistic adsorption process.
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