空心分子印迹聚合物的制备及应用研究进展

韩超越 ,  张会旗

离子交换与吸附 ›› 2026, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (01) : 59 -75.

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离子交换与吸附 ›› 2026, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (01) : 59 -75. DOI: 10.16026/j.cnki.iea.2026010059
综述

空心分子印迹聚合物的制备及应用研究进展

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Recent Progress in the Preparation and Application of Hollow Molecularly Imprinted Polymers

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摘要

分子印迹聚合物 (MIPs) 是一类具有优异分子识别性能的功能高分子材料,在与分子识别相关的众多领域展现出重要的应用价值。空心分子印迹聚合物 (HMIPs) 凭借独特的中空结构,具有密度低、比表面积大、渗透性强等特性;与传统实心MIPs相比,HMIPs通常具有更高的吸附容量、更快的吸附动力学速率及更稳定的溶液悬浮性能,这使其在分离纯化、化学传感及药物传输方面性能更优异。文章综述了HMIPs的制备方法,及其在分离纯化、化学传感和药物控释方面的应用研究进展,并针对当前HMIPs存在的问题,展望其未来发展方向。

Abstract

Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are a class of functional high-polymer materials with excellent molecular recognition performance, and they have shown significant application value in numerous fields related to molecular recognition. Hollow molecularly imprinted polymers (HMIPs), with their unique hollow structure, possess characteristics such as low density, large specific surface area, and strong permeability. Compared with traditional solid MIPs, HMIPs typically exhibit higher adsorption capacity, faster adsorption kinetics, and more stable suspension performance in solution, making them more outstanding in separation and purification, chemical sensing, and drug delivery. This article reviews the preparation methods of HMIPs and the research progress of their applications in separation and purification, chemical sensing, and controlled drug release. Additionally, it discusses the existing problems of HMIPs and looks forward to their future development directions.

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关键词

空心分子印迹聚合物 / 牺牲模板法 / 分离纯化 / 化学传感 / 药物传输

Key words

Hollow molecularly imprinted polymer / Sacrificial template method / Separation and purification / Chemical sensing / Drug delivery

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韩超越,张会旗. 空心分子印迹聚合物的制备及应用研究进展[J]. 离子交换与吸附, 2026, 42(01): 59-75 DOI:10.16026/j.cnki.iea.2026010059

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1 前 言

分子印迹聚合物 (MIPs) 是一类对目标分子具有高亲和力和选择性识别性能的人工合成受体[1-4],不仅具有可与酶、抗体等天然生物受体相媲美的分子识别性能,还具有生物受体无法比拟的优势,如制备简单、成本低廉、稳定性高及易于修饰等。MIPs的制备过程主要包括3个步骤:首先,模板分子与功能单体通过共价或非共价作用形成复合物;其次,将该复合物与交联剂进行共聚;最后,去除交联聚合物中的模板分子。经上述过程制得的MIPs,其内部存在与模板分子形状、体积及功能基团位置相匹配的结合位点,因此对模板分子具有选择性识别能力[5-6]。20世纪70—80年代,Wulff等[7]与Arshady等[8]分别开发了共价印迹技术与非共价印迹技术,由此开启了MIPs研究的新阶段。目前,科研人员已成功制备出大量具有不同形貌与性能的MIPs,这类材料在分离纯化[9-10]、免疫分析[11]、化学传感[12-13]、仿生催化[14]和生物医用[5,15-17]等领域展现出广阔的应用前景。

目前,MIPs领域的一个重要研究方向是改善其吸附动力学与吸附容量,以满足其在分离纯化、化学传感及药物传输等应用场景的实际需求。迄今为止,科研人员已提出诸多策略以解决上述问题。其中,具有独特空心结构的MIPs (HMIPs) 因具有密度低、比表面积大、渗透性强等特性,相较于传统实心MIPs (SMIPs) 表现出更快的吸附动力学、更高的吸附容量及更稳定的溶液悬浮性能[18-21],因此其在分离纯化[22-24]、化学传感[25-26]、药物控释[27-28]等领域展现出巨大的应用前景,成为当前研究热点。

本文首先介绍了目前已发展的3种HMIPs主要制备方法,包括牺牲模板法、直接聚合法和空心球表面印迹法[19-20];其次,综述了HMIPs在分离纯化、化学传感及药物控释方面的应用;最后,对该领域的未来发展方向进行了展望。

2 HMIPs的制备方法

2.1 牺牲模板法

牺牲模板法是制备HMIPs最常用的方法,其流程如下:首先,在聚苯乙烯 (PS)[29-35]、二氧化硅 (SiO2)[21,36-47]、二氧化钛 (TiO2)[48]、碳[49]粒子等模板载体表面包覆MIPs壳层,然后通过高温煅烧[49]、溶剂刻蚀[29,46]、有机酸[44-45,48]刻蚀等物理或化学方法去除模板载体,最终得到HMIPs。通过选择合适的模板载体与MIPs壳层接枝方法 (如自由基聚合[29,48]、原子转移自由基聚合 (ATRP)[21,44-45]、溶胶-凝胶法[35,49]或自氧化聚合[46-47]),可制备出粒径均匀且组成、结构与性能更多样的HMIPs。由于HMIPs的内外表面均分布有可接近的印迹位点且具有多孔结构,因此其展现出更高的吸附容量与更快的吸附动力学速率。

Guan等[29]采用牺牲模板法制备了2,4,6-三硝基甲苯 (TNT) 分子印迹单孔空心微球。如图1(a)所示,该研究首先以羧基官能化的PS为模板载体,利用PS核表面羧基与功能单体间的强氢键相互作用,驱动PS表面发生预聚合与聚合反应,形成核-壳结构微球。在交联过程中,壳层结构的微相分离和体积收缩使聚合物壳层产生单孔结构,随后采用四氢呋喃溶解去除PS核得到单孔空心聚合物微球 (图1(c))。在此基础上,该团队以TNT为模板分子,通过上述方法首次制备出单孔HMIPs,在其壳层内表面形成TNT印迹位点 (图1(d)),显著提升了材料对TNT的结合效率。实验结果显示,单孔HMIPs对TNT的结合能力约为核-壳结构MIPs颗粒的4倍,且结合速率明显更快。该方法为其他单孔核-壳和HMIPs的合成提供了新的途径。

Xu等[48]将表面印迹与牺牲模板法相结合,通过自由基聚合在TiO2表面构建二苯并噻吩 (DBT) 印迹壳层,再经氢氟酸 (HF) 溶解TiO2制备出一种新型DBT MIPs。该HMIPs的吸附容量达23.9 mg/g,而对应SMIPs的吸附容量仅为18.5 mg/g,可见HMIPs可用于汽油样品中痕量DBT的脱硫与测定。此外,本文开发了一种具有光/热响应性的亲水性HMIPs[44]。如图2所示,通过连续的表面引发ATRP (SI-ATRP) 在“活性”SiO2微球表面依次接枝两层结构:第一层为含光响应偶氮苯 (AZO) 基团的2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸 (2,4-D) -MIPs壳层,第二层为具有热响应性的亲水性嵌段聚合物刷——聚 (N-异丙基丙烯酰胺)-b-聚 (甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯),即PNIPAAm-b-PHEMA;随后使用HF刻蚀去除硅核,最终得到表面具有亲水性的HMIPs。结果表明,该HMIPs对模板的吸附量为SMIPs的两倍。Gholami等[49]以碳球为模板载体,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备出可特异性识别和提取尿液中缬沙坦 (VAL) 和氯沙坦 (LOS) 两种血压调节药物的SMIPs纳米球,通过500 ℃高温煅烧去除碳球模板后,得到具有多孔结构的HMIPs。该HMIPs对VAL和LOS的吸附容量分别为46.32 mg/g与35.48 mg/g,均高于SMIPs (28.2 mg/g与20.0 mg/g);同时,HMIPs对两种药物的吸附平衡时间分别为27 min与24 min,比SMIPs (60 min与48 min) 缩短了1/2~2/3倍。

尽管上述HMIPs的吸附容量和吸附动力学速率均得到提升,但单一印迹层中的印迹位点数量有限。针对此问题,Wang等[46]制备了一种轻质双层空心杂化磁性MIPs (HD-MMIPs),用于牛奶中四环素 (TC) 的分离与回收。如图3所示,以TC为模板、多巴胺 (DA) 为功能单体,利用TC中的羟基、氨基和苯基与DA之间的氢键作用和π-π堆积效应,在磁性四氧化三铁 (Fe3O4) 纳米颗粒存在的情况下,通过DA自氧化聚合在SiO2载体表面形成磁性聚多巴胺 (PDA) 印迹壳层;然后以相同方式在其外部构建PDA印迹层,从而得到双层纳米材料D-MMIPs。经Na2CO3溶液刻蚀去除SiO2后,最终得到具有独特结构的HD-MMIPs。结果显示,HD-MMIPs对TC的最大吸附容量为70.23 mg/g,远高于D-MMIPs (22.99 mg/g) ;其吸附平衡时间为15 min,较D-MMIPs缩短一半 (30 min)。这种独特的双层结构为TC提供了更多与内层和外层印迹位点结合的机会,从而显著提高MIPs的吸附容量和吸附动力学性能。

表1按照不同模板载体与聚合方法列出了通过牺牲模板法制备的各类HMIPs。对比HMIPs和SMIPs的吸附容量和吸附动力学可知,空心结构赋予MIPs更快的吸附速率和更高的吸附容量,但大部分模板载体的去除依赖于HF刻蚀或500 ℃高温煅烧等严苛条件,这不仅可能破坏印迹位点,还可能对具有特定化学结构的聚合物材料造成损伤。为解决这一问题,本文将蓝光/热引发的可逆加成-裂解链转移自由基 (RAFT) 聚合机理引入甲基丙烯酸 (MAA) /丙烯酸 (AA) 的沉淀聚合体系,成功制备出粒径均匀的物理交联“活性”聚合物微/纳米粒子,其表面“活性”特征以及在室温下易溶解于醇/水混合溶液的特性,为制备HMIPs奠定了基础[50-51]

2.2 直接聚合法

直接聚合法无须去除模板载体即可直接制备HMIPs,有效避免去除模板时因条件苛刻可能对印迹位点造成的损害。但目前已发展的直接合成HMIPs的方法较少,主要包括悬浮聚合[58]、乳液聚合[59]和皮克林乳液聚合[60-61]

Florea等[58]为从贯叶连翘提取物中选择性分离假金丝桃素,采用一步悬浮聚合法制备出MIPs空心球。该方法无须复杂步骤即可得到空心结构,所得材料的吸附容量达到450 mg/g。但此类空心结构的形成机制尚未明确,仍有待进一步研究,以推动其在更广泛领域的应用。Fan等[59]以热敏性NIPAAm为功能单体、Fe3O4磁性纳米颗粒为磁源、烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚和司盘-80为乳化剂,通过油包水包油 (O/W/O) 复合乳液聚合法合成空心磁性分子印迹微球,用于特异性识别牛血清白蛋白 (BSA)。所制备的HMIPs具有超顺磁性和热响应性,对BSA的吸附容量为89.9 mg/g,且在牛全血样品中表现出良好的BSA分离性能。Wang等[60]以SiO2纳米颗粒为稳定剂,采用皮克林乳液聚合法制备了分子印迹空心多核微球。如图4(a) 所示,微球内部空腔由界面相互作用控制的聚合诱导相分离形成,而内部多核结构由油相中模板分子双酚A (BPA) 与聚合诱导相分离的叠加效应形成。通过简单调节油相的组成,可使微球内部结构从单空腔演变为多核结构。图4(d)~(f) 为不同BPA添加量下MIPs的SEM图像。随着BPA用量的增加,内部核尺寸逐渐减小、数量逐渐增多,同时壳层厚度逐渐变薄,这与更多单体转化为内部核结构密切相关。多核胶囊中的结合位点易于接近,因此MIPs球体表现出快速的吸附动力学特性,在30 min内即可达到吸附平衡。

随后,该团队以TiO2纳米粒子为稳定剂,通过皮克林乳液聚合法制备了HMIPs微球,用于精确识别邻苯二甲酸二丁酯 (DBP)[61]。聚合诱导相分离在皮克林乳液液滴内的发生,是空心结构形成的关键因素,得到的HMIPs微球为表面凹陷的不规则球形,对DBP的饱和吸附时间不足30 min,吸附容量达到128 μmol/g,并对DBP表现出优异的选择性。

2.3 空心球表面印迹法

鉴于牺牲模板法刻蚀条件的严苛性,研究人员开发了一种在各类空心粒子表面引入MIPs壳层制备HMIPs的方法[20]。例如,Zhou等[62]利用镍离子 (Ni2+) 与BSA之间的定向配位作用,合成了空心磁性MIPs (HMMS@Ni2+-MIPs),实现了对BSA的高效识别。如图5所示,首先通过水热法制备空心Fe3O4微球,然后在其表面包裹一层经氨基修饰的介孔SiO2,以实现与Ni2+的络合;模板BSA可通过配位作用被Ni2+充分捕获,并借助DA的自聚合作用固定于印迹空腔。该印迹微球对BSA的吸附容量达266.99 mg/g,印迹因子为5.45,吸附平衡时间为40 min。

Zhang等[63]以MAA、4-乙烯基吡啶 (4-VP) 为功能单体,通过自由基聚合将MIPs接枝到空心介孔SiO2 (HMS) 表面,成功构建了一种新型吸附剂 (图5(b)),用于从水溶液中选择性识别和吸附痕量铅离子 (Pb2+)。所得基于HMS的MIPs (H-MIPs) 展现出快速的吸附动力学特性,对Pb2+的吸附容量达到40.52 mg/g;同时,该材料对Pb2+的选择系数高达50,相对于铜离子 (Cu2+)、锌离子 (Zn2+)、钴离子 (Co2+)、锰离子 (Mn2+) 和镍离子 (Ni2+),展现出优异的选择性。

Zhang等[64]在空心硫化铜 (CuS) 表面制备了一种花状MIPs (CuS/MIPs),实现了中性条件下对血红蛋白 (Hb) 的高特异性分离。该研究首先将Cu2+接枝到PDA修饰的空心CuS表面,然后通过Cu2+与Hb的配位作用将模板固定于材料表面;进一步以丙烯酰胺和苯乙烯磺酸钠盐为功能单体、N,N'-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺为交联剂,通过自由基聚合在表面形成印迹层,去除模板后获得了可特异性结合Hb的印迹空腔。CuS/MIP对Hb的吸附容量达182.74 mg/g,吸附平衡时间为60 min,且能从牛血清样本中选择性捕获Hb。

表2总结了直接聚合法和空心球表面印迹法制备HMIPs的研究工作,这两种方法有效避免了牺牲模板法中模板载体刻蚀过程对HMIPs造成的损害,具有广阔的应用前景。

3 HMIPs的应用

3.1 分离与纯化应用

近年来,具有目标分子特异性识别功能吸附剂的开发受到业界的广泛关注[70],HMIPs的中空结构赋予其更高的吸附能力,使其广泛用于环境监测[22,30]、食品科学[46,55]和生物分析[47,49]等领域,实现了复杂介质中除草剂、生物毒素、药物、蛋白质等多种分析物的选择性分离与纯化。

Hou等[22]采用表面离子印迹技术,成功制备了4种不同形态的Ag+印迹颗粒 (Ag-IIP) (图6(a))。该研究首先在微型PS种子颗粒中引入甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯 (GMA),然后通过GMA和壳聚糖 (CTS) 之间的化学交联作用以及Ag+与CTS的螯合作用,将CTS引入聚合物颗粒表面,最终制备了4种用于吸附废水中Ag+的印迹材料:核-壳SMIP (Ag-IISP)、核-壳HMIP (Ag-IIHP)、单孔HMIP (Ag-IISHP) 和Janus HMIP (Ag-IIJHP)。其中,Janus颗粒是一类非中心对称的功能材料,其表面具有两个或更多个性质不同的区域。图6(b) 展示了不同形态Ag-IIP对Ag+的吸附容量对比结果,可见无论是在水溶液体系还是油水混合体系中,3种HMIP对Ag+的吸附容量均高于SMIP。在油水混合体系中,Ag-IIJHP凭借特定结构的两亲性,可高效吸附水包油乳液中的Ag+,因此吸附容量最高。此外,在Cu2+、Zn2+等干扰离子存在的条件下,Ag-IIP可选择性吸收Ag+,其中以Ag-IISHP的吸附性能最优异。

Xu等[30]首次将种子溶胀聚合法应用于单孔和多孔HMIPs的制备,并将所得HMIPs作为固相萃取 (SPE) 吸附剂,用于实际样品中三嗪类化合物的选择性预富集与特异性识别。结果表明,HMIPs对阿特拉津的吸附容量是SMIPs的3倍以上,在相同吸附时间 (60 min) 内,HMIPs的结合能力比SMIPs高4~5倍。在实际土壤样品分析中,以HMIPs为固相萃取材料 (HMIPs-SPE) 可对阿特拉津、西玛津、莠灭净、西草净和扑灭津5种化合物表现出显著的富集效果。在10 μg/L浓度下,除扑灭津的回收率最低 (46.5%~54.5%),其余化合物的回收率达到73.5%~102%,相对标准偏差 (RSD) 为1.17%~4.24%。因此,HMIPs-SPE是一种高效的净化和富集方法,可实现复杂样品中三嗪类化合物的同时分离与灵敏检测,在环境监测分析中具有重要意义。

Wang等[46]制备了一种轻质空心双层杂化磁性MIPs (HD-MMIPs),被用作SPE吸附剂,选择性吸附、分离和回收牛奶样品中的TC。高效液相色谱 (HPLC) 分析结果显示,该方法的线性检测范围为1~200 ng/mL,最低检测限 (LOD) 为0.83 ng/mL,回收率为94.8%~98.5%,RSD<4.5%,在实际样品中TC污染的监控方面展现出巨大潜力。由于HD-MMIPs在水溶液中合成,因此该项工作为开发合成绿色友好型小分子污染物吸附剂提供了新的思路。

Ji等[55]以硅基介孔MCM-41材料为模板载体、螺旋霉素为模板分子、MAA为功能单体,通过自由基聚合法制备了空心多孔MIPs (HPMIPs),并将其作为吸附剂,用于7种MACs的分散固相萃取 (DSPE)。研究发现,实心多孔MIPs (SPMIPs) 和HPMIPs的吸附平衡时间分别为40 min和20 min,吸附容量分别为25.4 μmol/g和119.5 μmol/g。基于HPMIPs开发的DSPE-HPLC-MS/MS检测方法可实现7种MACs的同时选择性分离,其线性检测范围为0.4~40 μg/kg,LOD为0.003~0.017 μg/kg,回收率为88%~117%,RSD≤12.6%,该方法为蜂蜜样品中痕量MACs残留的分析提供了一种有效的处理技术。

Gholami等[49]制备的HMIPs,可特异性识别与提取VAL和LOS;基于HMIPs的DSPE方法与HPLC分析相结合,用于实际尿液中两种药物的同时提取与富集。结果显示,该方法在5~2000 μg/L浓度内具有良好的线性响应,VAL和LOS的LOD分别为1.5 μg/L和1.4 μg/L,回收率分别为90.0%~98.3%和88.0%~99.0%,RSD分别不超过3.8%和3.2%。这种方法在复杂生物样品的药物分析中具有巨大的应用潜力。

Chen等[47]通过在SiO2模板载体表面进行DA的自氧化聚合,制备了以HRP为模板的核-壳结构MIP粒子;经刻蚀去除SiO2核后,得到可特异性识别HRP的HMIPs。结果显示,该HMIPs对HRP的吸附速率与吸附平衡时间分别为23.42 mg/(g·min)与25 min,远优于SMIPs的2.18 mg/(g·min)与60 min。此外,HMIPs对人血清中的HRP具有良好的吸附能力和选择性,尤其在经过4次吸附再生循环后吸附容量仍保持在150 mg/g (为初始吸附容量的87%),表明其在蛋白质分离过程中具有优异的稳定性。

3.2 化学传感应用

与传统MIPs传感器相比,基于HMIPs的传感器凭借内部空腔结构与大比表面积,更有利于模板分子快速进入印迹位点,且其溶液悬浮稳定性更高,因此能实现更快的检测速度和更高的检测灵敏度[26]

Wang等[41]制备了一种荧光HMIPs纳米粒子,用于水样中有毒杀虫剂LC的快速、高效检测 (图7(a))。该研究以SiO2为模板载体,通过自由基聚合在其表面接枝异硫氰酸荧光素 (FITC) 标记的LC-MIP壳层,经HF刻蚀硅球得到荧光猝灭型HMIPs传感器。该荧光传感器可在8 min内实现对LC的定量检测,其LOD低至10.26 nmol/L,对应的SMIPs传感器则需12 min才能达到吸附平衡。将该HMIPs传感器应用于未经处理的河水样品中LC的检测,所得回收率为78.4%~129%,RSD<8.5%。由于未经处理的河水透光性较差,其回收率略低于处理后的河水样品 (80.7%~112.5%),因此开发适用于未经处理或稀释的复杂水样与生物样品的HMIPs荧光传感器仍是具有挑战性的难题。

本文开发了一种荧光增强型HMIPs传感器,可直接、选择性地识别未经稀释人尿样品中的HA[21]。如图7(b) 所示,以表面具有卤代烷基的“活性”SiO2为固载化ATRP引发剂,将一步法SI-ATRP和牺牲模板法相结合,经HF刻蚀硅球核后得到表面具有亲水性聚合物刷的荧光HMIPs。该HMIPs在纯水中具有优异的悬浮稳定性,其悬浮液在自然光照射下完全透明。研究发现,SMIPs和HMIPs分别在30 min和12 min达到吸附平衡,其LOD分别为0.145 µmol/L和0.097 µmol/L,表明HMIPs传感器具有比SMIPs更快的检测速度和更高的检测灵敏度。由于表面亲水性刷的存在,该HMIPs可直接用于未经稀释的人尿样本中HA的准确定量检测,测得回收率为96%~102%,RSD≤4.0%。

Rao等[69]开发了一种新型分子印迹电化学传感器 (MIECS),用于快速测定BPS。首先将石墨烯量子点 (GQDs) 涂覆在空心镍纳米球表面作为电极修饰材料,随后以吡咯为单体、BPS为模板,通过电聚合在其表面制备MIPs膜。该传感器可通过循环伏安法检测BPS,其线性检测范围为0.1~50 μmol/L,LOD为0.03 μmol/L,具有高灵敏度、高选择性、良好的重现性和稳定性。将该MIECS用于塑料样品中BPS的测定,所得回收率为94.4%~99.6%,RSD≤2.12%。

Zhao等[65]提出了一种基于HMIPs的石英晶体微天平 (QCM) 传感器,用于MMZ的检测。与SMIPs相比 (比表面积为60.58 m2/g,吸附平衡时间为100 min),HMIPs具有更大的比表面积 (170 m2/g) 与更快的吸附动力学 (吸附平衡时间为30 min)。以该HMIPs为识别单元构建的空心分子印迹QCM传感器,可用于肉类和牛奶样品中MMZ的定量检测,其LOD为3 μg/L,线性检测范围5~70 μg/L,回收率为88.32%~107.96%,RSD≤5.65%。该方法快速、有效且实用,为食品样品及其他领域中分析物的检测提供了新的途径。

表3总结了不同类型HMIPs传感器的核心参数,包括核/空心球基质、线性检测范围、LOD和回收率等。

3.3 药物控释应用

为实现HMIPs的高载药量与可控药物释放速率,Wang等[77]采用层层自组装技术制备了阿霉素 (DOX) 印迹的生物相容性空心MIPs微胶囊 (MIMs)。如图8所示,以羧甲基纤维素掺杂的碳酸钙 (CaCO3) 为核,以CTS和海藻酸盐为多层壁材料,在核表面进行层层自组装,经溶解去除CaCO3核后得到空心微胶囊 (CAMM);然后以DOX为模板分子、O-羧甲基壳聚糖为功能单体,在空心微胶囊表面形成印迹壳层,最终得到MIMs。结果显示,MIMs对DOX的最大载药量高达155.1 μmol/g,药物释放过程可持续超过168 h;在较低pH值下,O-羧甲基壳聚糖中的羧基因质子化使MIMs和DOX之间的强静电相互作用减弱,从而实现DOX的可控释放。体外抗肿瘤实验表明,负载DOX的微胶囊能有效诱导U373恶性胶质瘤细胞凋亡,在144 h内的抑制效果优于游离DOX,该方法有望进一步用于各类水溶性药物递送系统的制备。

Ji等[78]制备了一种空心磁性MIPs (HMMIPs),并将其用作新型药物递送载体。该研究以黄酮类化合物水飞蓟宾为模板分子,以磁性Fe3O4空心球为载体,通过反向ATRP (RATRP) 技术在其表面接枝印迹壳层。药物释放实验表明,水飞蓟宾的释放速率随pH值降低而减慢;当pH=2.0时,水飞蓟宾的释放平衡时间为36 h,这有利于水飞蓟宾在人体胃部酸性环境下实现可控释放,从而促进药物更多到达吸收部位。

上述研究多通过调节pH值实现药物释放的调控。上文提到的具有光/热响应性的亲水性HMIPs药物载体[44],其空腔表面含有光响应性AZO基团的MIP壳层,以及具有热响应性的PNIPAAm-b-PHEMA刷。由于亲水性PHEMA外嵌段的存在,该PNIPAAm-b-PHEMA刷无论在低于还是高于PNIPAAm低临界溶解温度 (LCST) 的条件下,均保持较高的表面亲水性。如图2(b) 和图2(c) 所示,研究该载体在纯水中模板分子的释放行为发现,在25 ℃黑暗环境中,HCP在24 h内的模板释放率达到90%,而HMIPs需96 h才能达到相同效果,这是由于模板分子和MIPs结合位点之间存在相互作用;在37 ℃条件下,无论处于紫外光照射还是黑暗环境中,HMIPs与HCP的模板释放量均较低,原因在于37 ℃下PNIPAAm链发生塌陷 (图2(a)),导致HMIPs表面的孔道堵塞,从而阻碍了药物释放。该研究为水溶液体系中刺激响应性HMIPs药物载体的研发开辟了新途径,在可控药物递送和智能生物分析领域具有巨大的应用潜力。

4 总结与展望

本文总结了HMIPs的3类主要制备方法,包括牺牲模板法、直接聚合法 (涵盖皮克林乳液聚合、乳液聚合和悬浮聚合) 及空心球表面印迹法,并详细阐述了其在分离纯化、化学传感和药物控释方面的应用。虽然HMIPs与传统SMIPs相比具有更大的比表面积、更快的吸附动力学速率与更高的吸附容量,但其制备过程和应用中仍存在若干局限性:(1) 牺牲模板法作为制备HMIPs最常用的方法,大部分模板载体的去除依赖于HF刻蚀或高温煅烧等严苛条件,可能导致印迹位点或壳层结构破坏,因此开发绿色、易通过温和条件去除核心的HMIPs具有重要意义;(2) 虽然HMIPs已应用于生物样品中目标分子的检测,但大多数生物样品 (如血清、尿液、蔬菜汁、水果汁及牛奶等) 在测试前仍需经过稀释、去除蛋白等处理步骤,因此亟需开发更多适用于未稀释生物样品的HMIPs。综上所述,研发生态友好且适用于未稀释生物样品的高性能HMIPs,应成为该领域未来研究的重点课题,这对拓宽其在环境监测、食品安全、生物医用等领域的实际应用具有重要意义。

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基金资助

国家自然科学基金项目(22071121)

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