何为音?从国际音标和音位分析说起
语音是语言研究的重要成分,而描写语音最常见的工具就是国际音标。国际音标认为,话语可以切分成元音、辅音,统称“音段”(segments),简称“音”(phone)。代表音段的符号应该遵循“同音同符、异音异符”这一原则。该原则提出三个基本问题:何为音?何为符?何为同(或异)?本文讨论第一个问题。国际音标没有讨论“何为音”,而是依据音位分析对音的定义。音位分析的确从音段切分开始,可是对“何为音”也没有明确的定义。因此,在国际音标的使用上以及在音位分析的操作中都缺乏统一标准,以致国际语音学会前主席Peter Ladefoged认为话语无法切分成元音、辅音,元音、辅音只是拼音文字给人的一种幻觉。如果兼顾语音特征和音系规则,音段切分完全可行,“何为音”也有明确答案,即语音是可以在一个时间段里同时进行的一组发音动作。
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